tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40471715434042444262024-03-19T02:57:08.566-07:00Weight Loss Terms Online DatabaseOpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.comBlogger3788125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-24772636541150509472015-07-10T02:30:00.001-07:002015-07-10T02:30:09.244-07:00Ginger - Ginger For Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-EPOnuNzIkeKU0gubQWors2t6xV9eBHhRUAOWSOwQDtSepIswpc3odEqMdn7bi46KxBFDGjM2vHI8Da3M54Txbsv6d_MGrZkPdDZEnVLiu3jWcJ_Y0C-e1I9jptO_Pb43Wkj3s7cHFhE/s1600/Ginger+Activa+Ginger+Double+Benefit+Slimming+Express+Cream+200ml+...-709244.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-EPOnuNzIkeKU0gubQWors2t6xV9eBHhRUAOWSOwQDtSepIswpc3odEqMdn7bi46KxBFDGjM2vHI8Da3M54Txbsv6d_MGrZkPdDZEnVLiu3jWcJ_Y0C-e1I9jptO_Pb43Wkj3s7cHFhE/s320/Ginger+Activa+Ginger+Double+Benefit+Slimming+Express+Cream+200ml+...-709244.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169809036184217810" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_5472"><p><b>Ginger</b> (<i><b>Zingiber officinale</b></i> Roscoe) is a flowering plant in the family Zingiberaceae whose rhizome, <b>ginger root</b> or simply <b>ginger</b>, is widely used as a spice or a folk medicine.</p> <p>It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual stems about a meter tall bearing narrow green leaves and yellow flowers. Ginger is indigenous to south China, and was spread eventually to the Spice Islands, other parts of Asia and subsequently to West Africa and the Caribbean. Ginger was exported to Europe via India in the first century AD as a result of the lucrative spice trade. India is now the largest producer of ginger.</p> <p>Other members of the family Zingiberaceae include turmeric, cardamom, and galangal. The distantly related dicots in the genus <i>Asarum</i> are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Ginger Activa Ginger Double Benefit Slimming Express Cream 200ml ..." alt="Ginger Activa Ginger Double Benefit Slimming Express Cream 200ml ..." src="http://i01.i.aliimg.com/wsphoto/v0/1221074943_1/Wholesale-12pcs-lot-ginger-Weight-loss-Soap-Slimming-Soap-100g-pcs-high-quality.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2> <p>The origin of "ginger" is from the mid-14th century, from Old English <i>gingifer</i>, from Medieval Latin <i>gingiber</i>, from Latin <i>zingiberi</i>, from Greek <i>zingiberis</i>, from Prakrit (Middle Indic) <i>singabera</i>, from Sanskrit <i>srngaveram</i>, from <i>srngam</i> "horn" + <i>vera</i>- "body", from the shape of its root. But this may be Sanskrit folk etymology, and the word may be from an ancient Dravidian name that also produced the Malayalam name for the spice, <i>inchi-ver</i>, from <i>inchi</i> "root." cf. gin (v.). The word apparently was readopted in Middle English from Old French <i>gingibre</i> (modern French <i>gingembre</i>).</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Horticulture">Horticulture</span></h2> <p>Ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its aesthetic appeal and the adaptation of the plant to warm climates, ginger is often used as landscaping around subtropical homes. It is a perennial reed-like plant with annual leafy stems, about a meter (3 to 4 feet) tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the stalk withers; it is immediately scalded, or washed and scraped, to kill it and prevent sprouting. The fragrant perisperm of Zingiberaceae is used as sweetmeats by Bantu, also as a condiment and sialogogue.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="12 Benefits of Ginger Tea You Probably Don't Know" alt="12 Benefits of Ginger Tea You Probably Don't Know" src="http://cdn-media-4.lifehack.org/wp-content/files/2014/02/ginger.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Production">Production</span></h2> <p>From 1585, Jamaican ginger was the first oriental spice to be grown in the New World and imported back to Europe.</p> <p>In 2012, India, with over 33% of the global production, now leads in growing ginger, replacing China, now in second position (about 20%), followed by Nepal (about 12%), Nigeria and Thailand (each about 7%) and Indonesia (about 5%).</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Ginger For Weight Loss | Health and Herbs Information" alt="Ginger For Weight Loss | Health and Herbs Information" src="http://campbellhealthassociates.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/ginger-for-weight-loss.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Uses">Uses</span></h2> <p>Ginger produces a hot, fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a very mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can be steeped in boiling water to make ginger tea, to which honey is often added; sliced orange or lemon fruit may be added. Ginger can be made into candy, or ginger wine, which has been made commercially since 1740.</p> <p>Mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry. The juice from ginger roots is often used as a spice in Indian recipes and is a common ingredient of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood, meat, and vegetarian dishes.</p> <p>Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of six to one, although the flavors of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavoring for recipes such as gingerbread, cookies, crackers and cakes, ginger ale, and ginger beer.</p> <p>Candied ginger, or crystallized ginger, is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type of confectionery.</p> <p>Fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag and refrigerated or frozen.</p> <h3><span id="Regional_use">Regional use</span></h3> <p>In Indian cuisine, ginger is a key ingredient, especially in thicker gravies, as well as in many other dishes, both vegetarian and meat-based. Ginger also has a role in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is an ingredient in traditional Indian drinks, both cold and hot, including spiced Masala chai. Fresh ginger is one of the main spices used for making pulse and lentil curries and other vegetable preparations. Fresh ginger together with peeled garlic cloves is crushed or ground to form ginger garlic masala. Fresh, as well as dried, ginger is used to spice tea and coffee, especially in winter. Ginger powder is used in food preparations intended primarily for pregnant or nursing women, the most popular one being <i>katlu</i>, which is a mixture of gum resin, <i>ghee</i>, nuts, and sugar. Ginger is also consumed in candied and pickled form. In Bangladesh, it is finely chopped or ground into a paste to use as a base for chicken and meat dishes alongside onion and garlic.</p> <p>In Japan, ginger is pickled to make <i>beni shoga</i> and <i>gari</i> or grated and used raw on tofu or noodles. It is made into a candy called <i>shoga no sato zuke</i>. In the traditional Korean <i>kimchi</i>, ginger is either finely minced or just juiced to avoid the fibrous texture and added to the ingredients of the spicy paste just before the fermenting process.</p> <p>In Burma, ginger is called <i>gyin</i>. It is widely used in cooking and as a main ingredient in traditional medicines. It is consumed as a salad dish called <i>gyin-thot</i>, which consists of shredded ginger preserved in oil, with a variety of nuts and seeds.</p> <p>In Thailand it is called ??? <i>khing</i> and is used to make a ginger garlic paste in cooking.</p> <p>In Indonesia, a beverage called <i>wedang jahe</i> is made from ginger and palm sugar. Indonesians also use ground ginger root, called <i>jahe</i>, as a common ingredient in local recipes.</p> <p>In Malaysia, ginger is called <i>halia</i> and used in many kinds of dishes, especially a soup.</p> <p>In the Philippines, it is a common ingredient in local dishes, and it is brewed into a tea called <i>salabat</i>.</p> <p>In Vietnam, the fresh leaves, finely chopped, can be added to shrimp-and-yam soup (<i>canh khoai m?</i>) as a top garnish and spice to add a much subtler flavor of ginger than the chopped root.</p> <p>In China, sliced or whole ginger root is often paired with savory dishes such as fish, and chopped ginger root is commonly paired with meat, when it is cooked. Candied ginger is sometimes a component of Chinese candy boxes, and an herbal tea can be prepared from ginger.</p> <p>In the Caribbean, ginger is a popular spice for cooking and for making drinks such as <i>sorrel</i>, a drink made during the Christmas season. Jamaicans make ginger beer both as a carbonated beverage and also fresh in their homes. Ginger tea is often made from fresh ginger, as well as the famous regional specialty Jamaican ginger cake.</p> <p>On the island of Corfu, Greece, a traditional drink called ??????????? (<i>tsitsibira</i>), a type of ginger beer, is made. The people of Corfu and the rest of the Ionian islands adopted the drink from the British, during the period of the United States of the Ionian Islands.</p> <p>In Arabic, ginger is called <i>zanjabil</i> and in some parts of the Middle East, <i>gin?gayu</i> (???). The Hebrew name for the spice, <i>zangevil</i>, is a variation on the name. A ginger tea that is spicy and stimulating is made.</p> <p>In Western cuisine, ginger is traditionally used mainly in sweet foods such as ginger ale, gingerbread, ginger snaps, parkin, ginger biscuits, and speculaas. A ginger-flavored liqueur called Canton is produced in Jarnac, France. Ginger wine is a ginger-flavored wine produced in the United Kingdom, traditionally sold in a green glass bottle. Ginger is also used as a spice added to hot coffee and tea.</p> <h3><span id="Nutritional_information">Nutritional information</span></h3> <h3><span id="Composition_and_safety">Composition and safety</span></h3> <p>In a typical spice serving amount of one US tablespoon or 5 g, ginger powder provides negligible content of essential nutrients, with the exception of the dietary mineral manganese, which is present in the Daily Value amount of 79%.</p> <p>If consumed in reasonable quantities, ginger has few negative side effects. It is on the FDA's "generally recognized as safe" list, though it does interact with some medications, including the anticoagulant drug, warfarin.</p> <p>Allergic reactions to ginger generally result in a rash. Although generally recognized as safe, ginger can cause heartburn, bloating, gas, belching, or nausea, particularly if taken in powdered form. Unchewed fresh ginger may result in intestinal blockage, and individuals who have had ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, or blocked intestines may react badly to large quantities of fresh ginger. It can also adversely affect individuals with gallstones. There are suggestions that ginger may affect blood pressure, clotting, and heart rhythms.</p> <p>Products of Chinese origin found in Taiwan contained ginger contaminated with diisobutyl phthalate, causing some 80,000 nutritional supplement capsules made with imported ginger powder to be seized by the Public Health Department of Taiwan in June 2011.</p> <h3><span id="Medicinal_use_and_research">Medicinal use and research</span></h3> <p>According to the American Cancer Society, ginger has been promoted as a cancer treatment "to keep tumors from developing," but "available scientific evidence does not support this." They add: "Recent preliminary results in animals show some effect in slowing or preventing tumor growth. While these results are not well understood, they deserve further study. Still, it is too early in the research process to say whether ginger will have the same effect in humans."</p> <p>In limited studies, ginger was found to be more effective than placebo for treating nausea caused by seasickness, morning sickness, and chemotherapy, although it was not found superior to placebo for pre-emptively treating postoperative nausea. Some studies advise against taking ginger during pregnancy, suggesting that ginger is mutagenic, though some other studies have reported antimutagenic effects.</p> <h3><span id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h3> <p>The characteristic odor and flavor of ginger is caused by a mixture of zingerone, shogaols, and gingerols, volatile oils that compose one to three percent of the weight of fresh ginger. In laboratory animals, the gingerols increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and have analgesic, sedative, antipyretic, and antibacterial properties. Gingerols can inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cells <i>in vitro</i>. [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) is the major pungent principle of ginger.</p> <p>Ginger contains up to 3% of a fragrant essential oil whose main constituents are sesquiterpenoids, with (-)-zingiberene as the main component. Smaller amounts of other sesquiterpenoids (?-sesquiphellandrene, bisabolene, and farnesene) and a small monoterpenoid fraction (?-phelladrene, cineol, and citral) have also been identified.</p> <p>The pungent taste of ginger is due to nonvolatile phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, particularly gingerols and shogaols, which form from gingerols when ginger is dried or cooked. Zingerone is also produced from gingerols during this process; this compound is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma. Ginger is a minor chemical irritant and, because of this, was used as a horse suppository by pre-World War I mounted regiments for feaguing.</p> <p>Ginger has a sialagogue action, stimulating the production of saliva, which makes swallowing easier.</p> <h3><span id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</span></h3> <p>One traditional medical form of ginger historically was called 'Jamaica ginger'; it was classified as a stimulant and carminative and used frequently for dyspepsia, gastroparesis, slow motility symptoms, constipation, and colic. It was also frequently employed to disguise the taste of medicines.</p> <p>Studies are inconclusive about the effects of using ginger for nausea or pain associated with various ailments. Side effects, mostly associated with consuming powdered ginger, are gas, bloating, heartburn and nausea.</p> <p>One clinical trial showed ginger to be no better than a placebo or ibuprofen for treatment of osteoarthritis.</p> <h3><span id="Similar_ingredients">Similar ingredients</span></h3> <p>Myoga (<i>Zingiber mioga</i> Roscoe) appears in Japanese cuisine; the flower buds are the part eaten.</p> <p>Another plant in the Zingiberaceae family, galangal, is used for similar purposes as ginger in Thai cuisine. Galangal is also called Thai ginger, fingerroot (<i>Boesenbergia rotunda</i>), Chinese ginger, or the Thai <i>krachai</i>.</p> <p>A dicotyledonous native species of eastern North America, <i>Asarum canadense</i>, is also known as "wild ginger", and its root has similar aromatic properties, but it is not related to true ginger. The plant contains aristolochic acid, a carcinogenic compound. The United States Food and Drug Administration warns that consumption of aristolochic acid-containing products is associated with "permanent kidney damage, sometimes resulting in kidney failure that has required kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation. In addition, some patients have developed certain types of cancers, most often occurring in the urinary tract."</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Spices and Herbs for Weight Loss - Natural Weight Loss" alt="Spices and Herbs for Weight Loss - Natural Weight Loss" src="http://rbk.h-cdn.co/assets/cm/14/51/980x551/548f9a5dc5d9e_-_rbk-10-spices-ginger-s2.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li>Bu Zhong Yi Qi Wan - contains ginger material</li> <li>Kaempferia galanga</li> <li>Xiao Yao Wan - contains ginger material</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Aliexpress.com : Buy Aichun Brand Slimming Express Cream ..." alt="Aliexpress.com : Buy Aichun Brand Slimming Express Cream ..." src="http://g01.a.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1HshKIXXXXXXGXFXXq6xXFXXX6/Aichun-Brand-Slimming-Express-Cream-Ginger-Chilli-Aloe-Ginseng-3days-Weight-Loss-Cream-fat-dissolving-Fat.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <p> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: <span id="CITEREFWard1911">Ward, Artemas (1911). <i>The Grocer's Encyclopedia</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGinger&rft.aufirst=Artemas&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.au=Ward%2C+Artemas&rft.btitle=The+Grocer%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></p> <p><br></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Top 2 Chinese Herbs for Weight Loss |" alt="Top 2 Chinese Herbs for Weight Loss |" src="http://www.wellnessonfire.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cinnamon_sticks.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li> The dictionary definition of ginger at Wiktionary</li> <li> Media related to Ginger at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li> Data related to Zingiber officinale at Wikispecies</li> <li><i>Zingiber officinale</i> List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1GsvwNf">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-3636901716395304052015-07-10T02:29:00.001-07:002015-07-10T02:29:08.132-07:00Phentermine/topiramate - Weight Loss Fda Approved<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhboAX0sEMongU_ZmUAMEDeD_ABhJm7GboT63yb8QJK_MyU4PHrg-rq77258AOHpiG29hm8mrF95b90YUwRSfBM1OnJEyVdyXgmqxlBHjdyKG9VAnKMelxRGl2n2ju0nL8DIuIv4uHC0Dk/s1600/Qsymia+-+Holland+Clinic+%257C+Medical+Weight+Loss+Clinic+in+...-748133.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhboAX0sEMongU_ZmUAMEDeD_ABhJm7GboT63yb8QJK_MyU4PHrg-rq77258AOHpiG29hm8mrF95b90YUwRSfBM1OnJEyVdyXgmqxlBHjdyKG9VAnKMelxRGl2n2ju0nL8DIuIv4uHC0Dk/s320/Qsymia+-+Holland+Clinic+%257C+Medical+Weight+Loss+Clinic+in+...-748133.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169808776849140066" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_135"><p>The combination of the drugs <b>phentermine and topiramate</b> extended-release (ER) (trade name <b>Qsymia</b> <span title="English pronunciation respelling"><i>kyoo-sim-<b><span><span><span>EE</span></span></span></b>-uh</i></span>) is a medication used for weight loss. In clinical trials, phentermine/topiramate ER was associated with modest but statistically significant weight loss when compared with placebo. This weight loss was associated with improvements in weight-related comorbidities such as improved glycemia, decreased blood pressure, and improved cholesterol.</p> <p>Phentermine/topiramate ER was developed by Vivus, Inc., a California pharmaceutical company. Phentermine is a sympathomimetic amine which acts as an appetite suppressant and stimulant. Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that has weight loss side effects. The exact mechanism of action for both drugs is unknown.</p> <p>In 2012 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved phentermine/topiramate ER as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in adults with an initial body mass index (BMI) of at least 30 kg/m², or at least 27 kg/m² (overweight) in the presence of at least one weight-related comorbidity such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia. Phentermine/topiramate ER is available in certified retail pharmacies nationwide and also available through a certified mail-order pharmacy network. Approval was denied by European regulatory authorities, who cited potential risk to the heart and blood vessels, psychiatric side effects, and cognitive side effects in explaining their decision.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Qsymia - Holland Clinic | Medical Weight Loss Clinic in ..." alt="Qsymia - Holland Clinic | Medical Weight Loss Clinic in ..." src="http://www.hollandclinic.com/_/rsrc/1342577126489/Albuquerque-Qsymia-Weight-Loss-Information/Qsymia2.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</span></h2> <p>In clinical trials, people treated with the highest dose of phentermine/topiramate ER in combination with a program of diet and exercise lost 10% to 11% of their body weight compared to 1% to 2% for those who received placebo. In addition, 62% to 70% of subjects receiving the recommended dose or top dose of phentermine/topiramate ER achieved >=5% weight by week 56 (ITT-LOCF) compared to 17% to 21% of those receiving a sugar pill.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</span></h2> <p>In clinical trials, the most common adverse events which occurred at a rate >=5% and >=1.5 times placebo included paraesthesia (tingling in fingers/toes), dizziness, dysgeusia (altered taste), insomnia, constipation, and dry mouth.</p> <p>In the U.S., the drug label contains warnings for increased heart rate, suicidal behavior and ideation, glaucoma, mood and sleep disorders, creatine elevation, and metabolic acidosis. Some of these warnings are based on historical observations in epilepsy patients taking topiramate. The FDA is requiring the company to perform a post-approval cardiovascular outcomes trial, due in part to the observation of increased heart rate in some people taking the drug in clinical trials.</p> <h3><span id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</span></h3> <p>Phentermine/topiramate ER can cause fetal harm. Data from pregnancy registries and epidemiology studies indicate that a fetus exposed to topiramate in the first trimester of pregnancy has an increased risk of oral clefts (cleft lip with or without cleft palate). If a patient becomes pregnant while taking phentermine/topiramate ER, treatment should be discontinued immediately, and the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus. Females of reproductive potential should have a negative pregnancy test before starting phentermine/topiramate ER and monthly thereafter during phentermine/topiramate ER therapy. Females of reproductive potential should use effective contraception during phentermine/topiramate ER therapy.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="5 Things to Know About the Weight-Loss Drug Qsymia | Washingtonian" alt="5 Things to Know About the Weight-Loss Drug Qsymia | Washingtonian" src="http://www.washingtonian.com/blogs/wellbeing/assets_c/2012/07/2012-7-19-Drink-thumb-620xauto-42693.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Contraindications">Contraindications</span></h2> <p>Phentermine/topiramate ER is contraindicated in pregnancy, glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, during or within 14 days of taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and in patients with hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy to sympathomimetic amines. Phentermine/topiramate ER can cause an increase in resting heart rate.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Phentermine/Topiramate News, Photos and Videos - ABC News" alt="Phentermine/Topiramate News, Photos and Videos - ABC News" src="http://a.abcnews.com/images/GMA/140723_gma_ashton_16x9_992.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Risk_Evaluation_and_Mitigation_Strategy_.28REMS.29">Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS)</span></h2> <p>Phentermine/topiramate ER was approved with a REMS program to ensure that benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. Because of the teratogenic risk associated with phentermine/topiramate ER therapy, phentermine/topiramate ER is distributed via certified pharmacies.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Generic Phentermine Topiramate Like In Qsymia | Philadelphia's ..." alt="Generic Phentermine Topiramate Like In Qsymia | Philadelphia's ..." src="http://philadelphiamedicalweightloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/prab-r-tumpati-7-2-1024x682.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Approval_history">Approval history</span></h2> <p>In December 2009 VIVUS, Inc. submitted a new drug application (NDA) to the FDA and on March 1, 2010, VIVUS, Inc. announced that the FDA accepted the NDA for review.</p> <p>In October 2010, the FDA announced its decision to not approve phentermine/topiramate ER in its current form and issued a Complete Response Letter (CRL) to VIVUS due to lack of long-term data and concerns about side effects including elevated heart rate, major adverse cardiovascular events, and birth defects.</p> <p>The FDA expressed concerns about the potential for phentermine/topiramate ER to cause birth defects and requested that Vivus assess the feasibility of analyzing existing healthcare databases to determine the historical incidence of oral cleft in offspring of women treated with topiramate for migraine prophylaxis (100 mg).</p> <p>In October 2011, VIVUS resubmitted the NDA to the FDA with responses to the issues addressed in the CRL. The FDA accepted the NDA in November 2011.</p> <p>On September 18, 2012, Qsymia became available on the US market.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="The pros and cons of 2 new diet drugs | Dallas Morning News" alt="The pros and cons of 2 new diet drugs | Dallas Morning News" src="http://www.dallasnews.com/incoming/20130204-diet_pill_fda_25808089.jpg.ece/BINARY/w940/DIET_PILL_FDA_25808089.JPG" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="FDA Approves Liraglutide (Saxenda) for Weight Loss" alt="FDA Approves Liraglutide (Saxenda) for Weight Loss" src="http://img.medscape.com/thumbnail_library/dt_120914_US_flag_thumbs_up_800x600.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1EuPuBq">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentermine/topiramate">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-63980143675942130932015-07-10T01:30:00.001-07:002015-07-10T01:30:11.160-07:00Weight Loss - Truth About Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRTDATNjX2fdKKhu3rGoA4kCk10Q2wUI2YHm6rSGT-lJnrz9-UzJ_1Gq8u5dHKdQI-pTdIC6_BIb7_tRDRJaHJfrTlDtifmL-lWRMC3S-N3yvvaW0qJPBtjbJOZoQrcohD0MVcJK0MNb0/s1600/Book+Review%253A+The+Truth+About+Weight+Loss+%257C+Eat%252C+Move%252C+Be-711160.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRTDATNjX2fdKKhu3rGoA4kCk10Q2wUI2YHm6rSGT-lJnrz9-UzJ_1Gq8u5dHKdQI-pTdIC6_BIb7_tRDRJaHJfrTlDtifmL-lWRMC3S-N3yvvaW0qJPBtjbJOZoQrcohD0MVcJK0MNb0/s320/Book+Review%253A+The+Truth+About+Weight+Loss+%257C+Eat%252C+Move%252C+Be-711160.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169793595565821890" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_9353"><p><b>Weight loss</b>, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due to malnourishment or an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as <b>slimming</b>.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Book Review: The Truth About Weight Loss | Eat, Move, Be" alt="Book Review: The Truth About Weight Loss | Eat, Move, Be" src="http://eatmovebe.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Truth-About-Weight-Loss-by-Nate-Miyaki.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Unintentional">Unintentional</span></h2> <h3><span id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span></h3> <p>Unintentional weight loss may result from loss of body fats, loss of body fluids, muscle atrophy, or even a combination of these. It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month. Another criterion used for assessing weight that is too low is the body mass index (BMI). However, even lesser amounts of weight loss can be a cause for serious concern in a frail elderly person.</p> <p>Unintentional weight loss can occur because of an inadequately nutritious diet relative to a person's energy needs (generally called malnutrition). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, disease- or treatment-related dietary changes, or reduced appetite associated with a disease or treatment can also cause unintentional weight loss. Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, drug-nutrient interaction, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.</p> <p>Continuing weight loss may deteriorate into wasting, a vaguely defined condition called cachexia. Cachexia differs from starvation in part because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. It is associated with poorer outcomes. In the advanced stages of progressive disease, metabolism can change so that they lose weight even when they are getting what is normally regarded as adequate nutrition and the body cannot compensate. This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help. Symptoms of weight loss from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts, nausea, anemia, weakness and fatigue.</p> <p>Serious weight loss may reduce quality of life, impair treatment effectiveness or recovery, worsen disease processes and be a risk factor for high mortality rates. Malnutrition can affect every function of the human body, from the cells to the most complex body functions, including:</p> <ul><li>immune response;</li> <li>wound healing;</li> <li>muscle strength (including respiratory muscles);</li> <li>renal capacity and depletion leading to water and electrolyte disturbances;</li> <li>thermoregulation; and</li> <li>menstruation.</li> </ul><p>In addition, malnutrition can lead to vitamin and other deficiencies and to inactivity, which in turn may pre-dispose to other problems, such as pressure sores.</p> <p>Unintentional weight loss can be the characteristic leading to diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and type 1 diabetes.</p> <p>In the UK, up to 5% of the general population is underweight, but more than 10% of those with lung or gastrointestinal diseases and who have recently had surgery. According to data in the UK using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), which incorporates unintentional weight loss, more than 10% of the population over the age of 65 is at risk of malnutrition. A high proportion (10-60%) of hospital patients are also at risk, along with a similar proportion in care homes.</p> <h3><span id="Causes">Causes</span></h3> <h4><span id="Disease-related">Disease-related</span></h4> <p>Disease-related malnutrition can be considered in four categories:</p> <p>Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include:</p> <ul><li>As chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) advances, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss called pulmonary cachexia, including diminished muscle mass. Around 25% experience moderate to severe weight loss, and most others have some weight loss. Greater weight loss is associated with poorer prognosis. Theories about contributing factors include appetite loss related to reduced activity, additional energy required for breathing, and the difficulty of eating with dyspnea (labored breathing).</li> <li>Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained (idiopathic) weight loss. About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobilary (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies.</li> <li>People with HIV often experience weight loss, and it is associated with poorer outcomes. Wasting syndrome is an AIDS-defining condition.</li> <li>Gastrointestinal disorders are another common cause of unexplained weight loss - in fact they are the most common non-cancerous cause of idiopathic weight loss. Possible gastrointestinal etiologies of unexplained weight loss include: celiac disease, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), pancreatitis, gastritis, diarrhea and many other GI conditions.</li> <li>Infection. Some infectious diseases can cause weight loss. Fungal illnesses, endocarditis, many parasitic diseases, AIDS, and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss.</li> <li>Renal disease. Patients who have uremia often have poor or absent appetite, vomiting and nausea. This can cause weight loss.</li> <li>Cardiac disease. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss.</li> <li>Connective tissue disease</li> <li>Neurologic disease, including dementia</li> <li>Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.</li> </ul><h4><span id="Therapy-related">Therapy-related</span></h4> <p>Medical treatment can directly or indirectly cause weight loss, impairing treatment effectiveness and recovery that can lead to further weight loss in a vicious cycle.</p> <p>Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after <b>surgery</b>. Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy to wound healing, which increases the body's overall energy requirements. Surgery affects nutritional status indirectly, particularly during the recovery period, as it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery. Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system. Enteral nutrition (tube feeding) is often needed. However a policy of 'nil by mouth' for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit, with some suggestion it might hinder recovery.</p> <p>Early post-operative nutrition is a part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols. These protocols also include carbohydrate loading in the 24 hours before surgery, but earlier nutritional interventions have not been shown to have a significant impact.</p> <p>Some medications can cause weight loss, while others can cause weight gain.</p> <h4><span id="Social_conditions">Social conditions</span></h4> <p>Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and inability to get or prepare preferred foods can cause unintentional weight loss, and this may be particularly common in older people. Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems. Ill-fitting dentures and other dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.</p> <p>Loss of hope, status or social contact and spiritual distress can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Intentional">Intentional</span></h2> <p>Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming.</p> <p>Weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese can reduce health risks, increase fitness, and may delay the onset of diabetes. It could reduce pain and increase movement in people with osteoarthritis of the knee. Weight loss can lead to a reduction in hypertension (high blood pressure), however whether this reduces hypertension-related harm is unclear.</p> <p>Weight loss occurs when the body is expending more energy in work and metabolism than it is absorbing from food or other nutrients. It will then use stored reserves from fat or muscle, gradually leading to weight loss.</p> <p>It is not uncommon for some people who are at their ideal body weight to seek additional weight loss in order to improve athletic performance or meet required weight classification for participation in a sport. Others may be driven to lose weight to achieve an appearance they consider more attractive. Being underweight is associated with health risks such as difficulty fighting off infection, osteoporosis, decreased muscle strength, trouble regulating body temperature and even increased risk of death.</p> <p>According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), healthy individuals seeking to maintain their weight should consume 2,000 calories (8.4 MJ) per day.</p> <p>According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans those who achieve and manage a healthy weight do so most successfully by being careful to consume just enough calories to meet their needs, and being physically active.</p> <p>Low-calorie regimen diets are also referred to as balanced percentage diets. Due to their minimal detrimental effects, these types of diets are most commonly recommended by nutritionists. In addition to restricting calorie intake, a balanced diet also regulates macronutrient consumption. From the total number of allotted daily calories, it is recommended that 55% should come from carbohydrates, 15% from protein, and 30% from fats with no more than 10% of total fat coming from saturated forms. For instance, a recommended 1,200 calorie diet would supply about 660 calories from carbohydrates, 180 from protein, and 360 from fat. Some studies suggest that increased consumption of protein can help ease hunger pangs associated with reduced caloric intake by increasing the feeling of satiety. Calorie restriction in this way has many long-term benefits. After reaching the desired body weight, the calories consumed per day may be increased gradually, without exceeding 2,000 net (i.e. derived by subtracting calories burned by physical activity from calories consumed). Combined with increased physical activity, low-calorie diets are thought to be most effective long-term, unlike crash diets, which can achieve short-term results, at best. Physical activity could greatly enhance the efficiency of a diet. The healthiest weight loss regimen, therefore, is one that consists of a balanced diet and moderate physical activity.</p> <p>Weight gain has been associated with excessive consumption of fats, sugars, carbohydrates in general, and alcohol consumption. Depression, stress or boredom may also contribute to weight increase, and in these cases, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost more than twice as much fat as sleep-deprived dieters.</p> <p>The majority of dieters regain weight over the long term.</p> <h3><span id="Therapeutic_techniques">Therapeutic techniques</span></h3> <p>The least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical activity, generally in the form of exercise. The World Health Organization recommended that people combine a reduction of processed foods high in saturated fats, sugar and salt and caloric content of the diet with an increase in physical activity.</p> <p>An increase in fiber intake is also recommended for regulating bowel movements.</p> <p>Other methods of weight loss include use of drugs and supplements that decrease appetite, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume.</p> <p>Bariatric surgery may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric surgical procedures are gastric bypass and gastric banding. Both can be effective at limiting the intake of food energy by reducing the size of the stomach, but as with any surgical procedure both come with their own risks that should be considered in consultation with a physician.</p> <p>Dietary supplements, though widely used, are not considered a healthy option for weight loss. Many are available, but very few are effective in the long term.</p> <p>Virtual gastric band uses hypnosis to make the brain think the stomach is smaller than it really is and hence lower the amount of food ingested. This brings as a consequence weight reduction. This method is complemented with psychological treatment for anxiety management and with hypnopedia. Research has been conducted into the use of hypnosis as a weight management alternative. In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight reduction if reinforced with hypnosis. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT, a mindfulness approach to weight loss, has also in the last few years been demonstrating its usefulness.</p> <h3><span id="Crash_dieting">Crash dieting</span></h3> <p>A crash diet is the willful restriction of nutritional intake (except water) for more than 12 waking hours. The desired result is for the body to burn fat for energy and thereby lose a significant amount of weight in a short time. Crash dieting can be dangerous to health and this method of weight loss is not recommended by physicians.</p> <p>According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, "If the diet or product sounds too good to be true, it probably is. There are no foods or pills that magically burn fat. No super foods will alter your genetic code. No products will miraculously melt fat while you watch TV or sleep." Certain ingredients in supplements and herbal products can be dangerous and even deadly for some people.</p> <h3><span id="Weight_loss_industry">Weight loss industry</span></h3> <p>There is a substantial market for products which promise to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, DVDs, CDs, cremes, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials, fitness centers, personal coaches, weight loss groups, and food products and supplements.</p> <p>In 2008 between US$33 billion and $55 billion was spent annually in the US on weight-loss products and services, including medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, with weight-loss centers taking between 6 and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. Over $1.6 billion a year was spent on weight-loss supplements. About 70 percent of Americans' dieting attempts are of a self-help nature.</p> <p>In Western Europe, sales of weight-loss products, excluding prescription medications, topped £900 million ($1.4 billion) in 2009.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss Archives -" alt="Weight Loss Archives -" src="http://armageddonworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Heather-before-and-after-Armageddon-Weight-Loss-Exercise-DVD-Program-real-results.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Crash diets â" The truth about weight loss" alt="Crash diets â" The truth about weight loss" src="http://www.divineweightlossinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Divine-Weight-Loss-in-Riverview-The-truth-about-Weight-Gain-and-Loss.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss Fact and Fiction - Women's Running" alt="Weight Loss Fact and Fiction - Women's Running" src="http://cdn.womensrunning.competitor.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/shutterstock_176752823.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Weight loss at DMOZ</li> <li>Health benefits of losing weight By IQWiG at PubMed Health</li> <li>Weight-control Information Network U.S. National Institutes of Health</li> <li>Nutrition in cancer care By NCI at PubMed Health</li> <li>Unintentional weight loss</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1ErEWCW">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-29566461001173688522015-07-10T01:29:00.001-07:002015-07-10T01:29:10.403-07:00Body Contouring - Tighten Loose Skin After Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHEPvP2lxLhq2PC-bW8-3pFsneIGoH-tiNShHrShSEQnC3g7B2KjOUPh77VKObnCFHoD81JkYbgoA_BIVgZNQSH5WukZYy7qOAPfRK0IE7g9x_jsKyCI1UAtFEHLpOJe-efA61FldjE4/s1600/How+to+tighten+loose+skin+after+losing+weight+-+Cosmos+Clinic-750404.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHEPvP2lxLhq2PC-bW8-3pFsneIGoH-tiNShHrShSEQnC3g7B2KjOUPh77VKObnCFHoD81JkYbgoA_BIVgZNQSH5WukZYy7qOAPfRK0IE7g9x_jsKyCI1UAtFEHLpOJe-efA61FldjE4/s320/How+to+tighten+loose+skin+after+losing+weight+-+Cosmos+Clinic-750404.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169793331015576274" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_9967"><p><b>Body contouring</b> is any procedure that alters the shape of different areas of the body. <b>Body contouring after massive weight loss</b> refers to a series of procedures that eliminate and/or reduce excess skin and fat that remains after previously obese individuals have lost a significant amount of weight, in a variety of places including the torso, upper arms, chest, and thighs.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="How to tighten loose skin after losing weight - Cosmos Clinic" alt="How to tighten loose skin after losing weight - Cosmos Clinic" src="http://www.cosmosclinic.com.au/wp-content/uploads/coscli/2011/03/COSCLI-before-after-tummy36.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Obesity is in epidemic proportions in the US and many parts of the world. It is defined as a condition where a person's body mass index (BMI) is 30 or greater. BMI is calculated by dividing the patient's weight in kilograms by their height in meters, squared. Normal weight individuals have a BMI that ranges from 18 to 25. Overweight people have a BMI from 26 to 30, with 30 and above people considered obese. Once the BMI reaches 35 and above, patients are considered morbidly obese. From a BMI of 30 and above a person's life span is shortened. In addition, obesity negatively affects the economic health of a society as well as other aspects of adult and child health, often for life. Childhood obesity is on the rise in Europe as well.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Bariatric_surgery">Bariatric surgery</span></h2> <p>In response to a serious obesity crisis, medical science has devised a handful of bariatric (obesity treatment) surgeries, including gastric bypass, stomach stapling, lap banding, stomach reduction and other techniques that reduce the amount of food the stomach can hold. For instance, in the United States, the American Society of Bariatric Surgery (ASBS) reports that the year 2000 saw an estimated 37,700 surgeries to restrict the size of a patient's stomach. But in 2006, the most recent year for which statistics are available, there were 177,600 such operations. Usually, by 18 months after the surgery, patients report having lost anywhere from 45 to 136 kg (100 to 300 pounds).</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="After major weight loss, what's a person to do with all the loose ..." alt="After major weight loss, what's a person to do with all the loose ..." src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/5c/72/1e/5c721e424c2309dc39e97fa9b7c60cfb.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Body_lifting">Body lifting</span></h2> <p>Food-restriction operations to the stomach have several side effects. One such undesirable side effect that is very bothersome and visible is the loose, hanging skin that covers much of a weight loss patient's body. Because hundreds of pounds have stretched the patient's skin to the maximum, it has lost its elasticity and the ability to spring back. Instead, the newly slimmed patient must deal with so much extra hanging skin, he or she can actually stumble on an overhanging <i>panniculus</i>, the large apron of skin hanging from the stomach that can cover the pubis and groin areas. Notably, many extra inches (and sometimes, feet) of floppy skin hang from the upper arms, the chest, the stomach, the upper thighs and buttocks.</p> <p>Most people who have lost massive amounts of weight complain about the difficulty of getting their fleshy arms into sleeves and their excess stomach skin tucked into clothing. Most women in this state condition require a mastopexy, or breast lift, often in conjunction with breast implants. Men who have body shaping surgery usually undergo male breast reduction surgery to remove the pendulous skin hanging from their chests.</p> <p>The extra rolls and sheets of skin rub against each other, creating many spots of irritation and leading to hygienic difficulties. The masses of excess skin also make any form of exercise difficult.</p> <p>While the procedure is expensive, often running in the neighbourhood of US$20,000-50,000 for an entire body, it usually leaves long, visible scars on the arms, chest, stomach and legs. Most surgeons break the surgical task into an upper, and a lower, body lift. A lower body lift removes the sagging skin on the back, abdomen, buttocks and thighs while the upper body procedure removes loose skin from the arms, breasts and chest.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Helps tighten and tone even loose skin! If you want to get your ..." alt="Helps tighten and tone even loose skin! If you want to get your ..." src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/6f/49/8d/6f498d5e02e5b4af5f830b2b8b3bcdb7.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Potential_risks_and_side-effects">Potential risks and side-effects</span></h2> <p>Body lifting is not lightly undertaken. The process requires a commitment on the part of the patient who must stay with the program through bariatric surgery, during the 18 months required for weight loss, then the body contouring procedures and recovery. Often, beginning to end takes three years. A single body lifting operation can require seven to 10 hours under general anesthesia, blood transfusions and often, another surgeon to assist. Plastic surgeons advise patients that body shaping is not an obesity operation. A patient who is more than 50 percent over his or her ideal weight must first drop as many pounds as possible before proceeding. Other medical considerations the plastic surgeon must take into account include scars already present on the body, current medical conditions like heart disease or bleeding disorders, and if the patient smokes. Other possible risks include infections and reactions and complications due to being under anesthesia for longer than six hours. The patient may also experience <i>seroma</i>, a buildup of fluid; <i>dehiscence</i> (wound separation) and deep vein thrombosis (blood clots forming in the legs.) Rare complications include lymphatic injury and major wound dehiscence. The hospital stay for the procedure can require from one to four days while recovery can require about a month for a total body lift. Essentially, the patient trades "skin for scars". But skin relaxation is always a risk and may not be stopped with a single procedure. Reputable plastic surgeons will explain all the risks and complications in full to their patients and even encourage a second or third consultation visit with other plastic surgeons to get additional views on such a major undertaking.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="9. Hydrate Yourself - 25 Ways to Tighten Skin after Weight Loss ..." alt="9. Hydrate Yourself - 25 Ways to Tighten Skin after Weight Loss ..." src="http://img.allw.mn/content/2013/11/21112504_1555.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Body_lifting_surgical_procedures">Body lifting surgical procedures</span></h2> <p>While body shaping can be done in one marathon session, it is usually broken into one to three surgical stages, with the patient under general anesthesia. But if the patient is a smoker, has a history of deep venous thrombosis or clotting disorders along with a high BMI and other medical risk factors, the surgeon will probably insist on doing several short procedures in a hospital setting to insure maximum safety for the patient.</p> <p>The following are the individual components of body contouring:</p> <p><b>Arm lift</b> or brachioplasty. The extra flesh on the arms of bariatric patients virtually always appears on the underside of the upper arm and is sometimes referred to as "bat wings". Surgeons make incisions made from the armpit to the elbow to remove the skin and create a more pleasing contour. Consequently, surgeons open the arm on its underside so that the resulting scar is fairly well hidden. A brachioplasty procedure can employ some liposuction after the incision is made. With the arm opened, the surgeon pulls the skin tight and then trims away the excess skin which, depending on the patient, can be a pound of skin per arm or more.</p> <p><b>Breast lift</b> or mastopexy. By trimming excess tissue from the upper breast, the surgeon can move breasts which usually droop to the umbillicus to a more upright and full position. The procedure also often requires an implant to make up for lost fat and tissue inside the breast. Scars on women are almost always hidden inside the area covered by the bra.</p> <p><b>Stomach lift</b> or abdominoplasty. Excess skin hanging down over the pubic region is often the distorting feature that most concerns and bothers patients. The stomach pannus retains moisture, and causes rashes due to skin rubbing against itself which usually leads to poor hygiene. While the surgical procedure to remove it is known as a <i>panniculectomy</i>, there is often more work to be done for patients who suffer from large amounts of hanging skin. To provide improved contours on the waist, back and flanks, surgeons sometimes perform a <i>belt lipectomy</i>, (also known as a torsoplasty or a circumferential lipectomy). The incision goes all the way around the patient's midsection at the level of the lower waist. The surgeon uses more liposuction on the stomach and flanks while trimming excess skin from the patient's back and sides as well. The abdominoplasty and belt lipectomy incisions are placed so that the resulting scar is hidden within most underwear and swimsuits.</p> <p><b>Lower body lift</b> trims excess skin on the buttocks and thighs. For an inner thigh lift, the surgeon makes an incision high on the inner leg, starting near the groin and continuing down to the knee. Some fat may be removed with liposuction. The surgeon then removes excess skin and redrapes the remaining skin before closing the long incision, leaving the patient with tighter and more attractive thighs.</p> <p>The outer thigh and buttock can be lifted through a hip-to-hip incision across the back, above the buttocks.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="25 Ways to Tighten Skin after Weight Loss ⦠â' Diet" alt="25 Ways to Tighten Skin after Weight Loss ⦠â' Diet" src="http://img.allw.mn/content/2013/10/12210902_4962.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Nonsurgical_methods">Nonsurgical methods</span></h2> <p>Nonsurgical body contouring is a rapidly growing field. Common methods used include low-level laser therapy (LLLT), cryolipolysis, radiofrequency energy, suction massage, and high-frequency focused ultrasound.</p> <p>Now, doctors are able to use non-invasive technology to achieve a reduction in size of certain body areas, increased tone in lax or redundant skin and a diminished appearance of cellulite.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Diet menu. Syndrome" alt="Diet menu. Syndrome" src="http://c.eblastengine.com/EmailImages/42221.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Usual_results">Usual results</span></h2> <p>While considered major surgery, the outcome of body shaping can require several months to see the full effects of the procedure.</p> <p>When researchers at the University of Pittsburgh enrolled 18 bariatric patients just before the subjects decided to undergo body contouring, their average age was 46, plus or minus ten years. The researchers studied the patients' body perception, quality of life and mood at three and six months after the body contouring procedures. They found the subjects' quality of life improved and significantly enhanced their moods which had remained stable at the six-month point. Most body lifting patients return to non-strenuous work in about two to three weeks.</p> <p>Except for brachioplasty, virtually all body shaping procedures require the patient to wear a support or compression garment for two to six weeks. The garment speeds and aids in healing.</p> <p>Patients can usually drive again within one to three weeks, depending on the extent of the surgery, their health and general robustness.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss Before And After Stretch Marksmy Triumph How To ..." alt="Weight Loss Before And After Stretch Marksmy Triumph How To ..." src="http://medicinez.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/weight-loss-before-and-after-stretch-marksmy-triumph--how-to-tighten-loose-skin--bio-oil-3-1007x734.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li>Liposuction</li> <li>Bariatrics</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Chemical Peel Sephora - gettighterskin.com" alt="Chemical Peel Sephora - gettighterskin.com" src="http://i174.photobucket.com/albums/w103/porshh951/progress%20pics/9.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <ul><li><span>Soldin, M; Mughal, M; Al-Hadithy, N (2014). "National Commissioning Guidelines: Body contouring surgery after massive weight loss". <i>Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery</i> <b>67</b> (8): 1076-81. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2014.04.031. PMID 24909630.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+contouring&rft.atitle=National+Commissioning+Guidelines%3A+Body+contouring+surgery+after+massive+weight+loss&rft.au=Al-Hadithy%2C+N&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Soldin&rft.au=Mughal%2C+M&rft.au=Soldin%2C+M&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bjps.2014.04.031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24909630&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plastic%2C+Reconstructive+%26+Aesthetic+Surgery&rft.pages=1076-81&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=67"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Hasanbegovic, E; Sørensen, JA (2014). "Complications following body contouring surgery after massive weight loss: A meta-analysis". <i>Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery</i> <b>67</b> (3): 295-301. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2013.10.031. PMID 24211118.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+contouring&rft.atitle=Complications+following+body+contouring+surgery+after+massive+weight+loss%3A+A+meta-analysis&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Hasanbegovic%2C+E&rft.aulast=Hasanbegovic&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+JA&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bjps.2013.10.031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24211118&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plastic%2C+Reconstructive+%26+Aesthetic+Surgery&rft.pages=295-301&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=67"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Azin, A; Zhou, C; Jackson, T; Cassin, S et al. (2014). "Body contouring surgery after bariatric surgery: A study of cost as a barrier and impact on psychological well-being". <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i> <b>133</b> (6): 776e-82e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000000227. PMID 24867737.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+contouring&rft.atitle=Body+contouring+surgery+after+bariatric+surgery%3A+A+study+of+cost+as+a+barrier+and+impact+on+psychological+well-being&rft.au=Azin%2C+A&rft.au=Cassin%2C+S&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=H%2C+R&rft.au=Jackson%2C+T&rft.aulast=Azin&rft.au=Sockalingam%2C+S&rft.au=Zhou%2C+C&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000000227&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24867737&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.pages=776e-82e&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=133"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Hurwitz, Dennis J. <i>Total Body Lift: Reshaping the Breasts, Chest, Arms, Thighs, Hips. Waist, Abdomen & Knees after Weight Loss, Aging & Pregnancies</i>. New York: M.D. Publish.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+contouring&rft.aufirst=Dennis+J.&rft.au=Hurwitz%2C+Dennis+J.&rft.aulast=Hurwitz&rft.btitle=Total+Body+Lift%3A+Reshaping+the+Breasts%2C+Chest%2C+Arms%2C+Thighs%2C+Hips.+Waist%2C+Abdomen+%26+Knees+after+Weight+Loss%2C+Aging+%26+Pregnancies&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.D.+Publish&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Capella, Joseph; Rubin, Peter; Sebastian, Jeffrey. <i>Body Contouring Surgery After Weight Loss</i>. Omaha, NE: Addicus Books.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+contouring&rft.au=Capella%2C+Joseph&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Capella&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Peter&rft.au=Sebastian%2C+Jeffrey&rft.btitle=Body+Contouring+Surgery+After+Weight+Loss&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Omaha%2C+NE&rft.pub=Addicus+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Jalian, HR; Avram, MM (2012). "Body contouring: The skinny on noninvasive fat removal" <span>(PDF)</span>. <i>Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery</i> <b>31</b> (2): 121-5. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2012.02.004.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+contouring&rft.atitle=Body+contouring%3A+The+skinny+on+noninvasive+fat+removal&rft.au=Avram%2C+MM&rft.aufirst=HR&rft.au=Jalian%2C+HR&rft.aulast=Jalian&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amjorthopedics.com%2Ffileadmin%2Fcontent_pdf%2Fsan%2Fscms_pdf%2FSCMS_vol31_no2_Body_Contouring.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sder.2012.02.004&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Cutaneous+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.pages=121-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=31"><span> </span></span></li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1AwNZI4">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_contouring">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-44580834428449466542015-07-10T00:30:00.001-07:002015-07-10T00:30:12.464-07:00Hormone Replacement Therapy (male-to-female) - Hormone Replacement Therapy Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQncEswGLFgKp6j1eAKLVaOa2qPAl3P2Pl5Jz0ynhqMKR2aLkRmisIE5Xvx3SjELN3b3TtVOibAgJJrGB9kW58nUGP3cgVWDCf0ysaRZJACtPOL51iRT4rw17V8hj5iFQNA1d0RVUt5o/s1600/How+Hormone+Replacement+Therapy+Helps+With+Weight+Loss+-+Jay+J+...-712465.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQncEswGLFgKp6j1eAKLVaOa2qPAl3P2Pl5Jz0ynhqMKR2aLkRmisIE5Xvx3SjELN3b3TtVOibAgJJrGB9kW58nUGP3cgVWDCf0ysaRZJACtPOL51iRT4rw17V8hj5iFQNA1d0RVUt5o/s320/How+Hormone+Replacement+Therapy+Helps+With+Weight+Loss+-+Jay+J+...-712465.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169778137337401090" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_5928"><p><b>Hormone replacement therapy of the male-to-female type</b> is a type of hormone replacement therapy for transgender and transsexual people. It changes the balance of sex hormones in the body. Some intersex people also receive HRT, either starting in childhood to confirm the assigned sex, or later, if this assignment has proven to be incorrect.</p> <p>Its purpose is to cause the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the desired sex. It cannot undo many of the changes produced by the first natural occurring puberty, which may necessitate surgery and/or epilation (see below).</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="How Hormone Replacement Therapy Helps With Weight Loss - Jay J ..." alt="How Hormone Replacement Therapy Helps With Weight Loss - Jay J ..." src="http://socialportal.ballywhointeractive.com/images/uploads/Happy%20couple.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Formal_requirements_for_HRT">Formal requirements for HRT</span></h2> <p>The requirements for hormone replacement therapy vary immensely, often psychological counseling is required.</p> <p>Under WPATH guidelines the Mental Health Provider requires individuals to satisfy two sets of criteria -- eligibility and readiness -- to undertake any stage of transition including hormone replacement therapy. Eligibility involves the patient meeting requirements from a major diagnostic tool, such as the ICD-10, DSM-IV-R or the DSM-V. ICD-10 requirements are for either Transsexualism or Gender identity disorder of childhood.</p> <p>The ICD-10 criteria for Transsexualism include the individual having a transsexual identity of over 2 years, a strong and persistent desire to live as a member of the opposite sex, usually accompanied by the desire to make their body as congruent as possible with the preferred sex through surgery and hormone treatments. These individuals cannot be diagnosed with Transsexualism if it is believed to be a result of another mental disorder, or a genetic, intersex or chromosomal abnormality.</p> <p>The ICD-10 criteria for Gender identity disorder of childhood in males include the individual being pre-pubescent and having intense and persistent distress about being a boy. The distress must be present for at least six months. The child must <i>either:</i></p> <ol><li>Have a preoccupation with stereotypic female activities, as shown by crossdressing, simulating female attire, or an intense desire to join in the games and pastimes of girls, rejecting male games and pastimes.</li> <li>Have persistent denial relating to their male anatomy. This can be shown through believing they will grow up to be a woman, that their penis or testes is disgusting or will disappear, or that it would be better not to have a penis.</li> </ol><p>The DSM-IV-R criteria for Gender Identity Disorder includes four main criteria. The DSM-IV-R also requests that the individual's sexuality is noted.</p> <h3><span id="Strong_and_persistent_cross-gender_identity">Strong and persistent cross-gender identity</span></h3> <p>In children this may be demonstrated by them meeting four or more of the following criteria:</p> <ol><li>An insistence that one is or desires to be the other sex.</li> <li>Girls(MTFs) must display a preference crossdressing or simulating female attire, and boys(FTMs) must persistently wear only stereotypical male clothing.</li> <li>Persistent fantasies of being the other sex, or strong and persistent preference for cross-sex roles in make-believe play.</li> <li>Intense desire to participate in stereotypical games of the other sex.</li> <li>Strong preference for playmates of the other sex.</li> </ol><p>Adolescents and Adults must display a persistent desire to be the other sex, frequent passing as the other sex, desire to live or be treated as the other sex, or the conviction that they have the typical feelings and reactions of the other sex.</p> <h3><span id="Persistent_discomfort_with_their_sex_or_a_sense_of_inappropriateness_in_the_gender_role_of_that_sex">Persistent discomfort with their sex or a sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex</span></h3> <p>In boys this may manifest as an assertion that their penis or testes are disgusting or will disappear, or asserting that it is better not to have a penis.</p> <p>In adults and adolescents this manifests as a preoccupation with removing primary or secondary sex characteristics, such as a demand for surgery or hormone replacement therapy.</p> <h3><span id="The_disturbance_must_not_be_concurrent_with_a_physical_intersex_condition">The disturbance must not be concurrent with a physical intersex condition</span></h3> <h3><span id="The_disturbance_causes_clinically_significant_distress_or_impairment_in_social.2C_occupations_or_important_areas_of_functioning">The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupations or important areas of functioning</span></h3> <p>The DSM-V moves from Gender Identity Disorder to Gender Dysphoria to avoid the implication that gender nonconformity is in itself a mental disorder, but a similar entry remains in the DSM-V so that individuals may still seek treatment. The DSM-V, unlike the DSM-IV and ICD-10, separates Gender Dysphoria from sexual paraphilias, and diagnoses on the basis of a strong desire that one has feelings and convictions typical of the other sex, or that one strongly desires to be treated as the other sex or be rid of one's sex characteristics.</p> <p>The readability of patients to transition is also relevant to undertake hormone replacement therapy, which includes the patient's likelihood to take hormones in a responsible manner, have made progress in mastering other identified problems that leads to improving or continuing stable mental health, and have had further consolidation of gender identity during psychotherapy or Real Life Experience of their desired gender role.</p> <p>Some organizations still require a period of time living as the desired gender role, based on standards such as the Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (WPATH). This period is sometimes called the Real Life Experience (RLE). The Endocrine Society in 2009 specified that individuals should either have a documented 3 months Real Life Experience or a period of psychotherapy of length specified by the mental health provider, usually a minimum of 3 months.</p> <p>Some people, especially individuals from the transgender community, say that RLE is psychologically harmful and is a form of "gatekeeping" -- effectively barring people from transitioning for as long as possible, if not permanently.</p> <p>Some individuals choose to self-administer their medication ("do-it-yourself"), often because available doctors have too little experience in this matter, or no doctor is available in the first place. Sometimes, trans persons choose to self-administer because their doctor will not prescribe hormones without a letter from the patient's therapist stating that the patient meets the diagnostic criteria for GID and is making an informed decision to transition. Many therapists require at least three months of continuous psychotherapy and/or a real life test in order to write such a letter as is suggested in the HBIGDA Standards of Care. As many individuals must pay for evaluation and care out-of-pocket, expense can also be prohibitive to pursuing such therapy.</p> <p>However, self-administration of certain hormones (namely ethinyl estradiol) and anti-androgens (namely cyproterone acetate, flutamide, and nilutamide) is potentially dangerous and can cause an elevation in liver enzymes.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Medical_contraindications">Medical contraindications</span></h2> <ul><li>Absolute: history of estrogen-sensitive cancer (for example breast cancer), history of thromboembolic disease (unless provided with concurrent anti-coagulation therapy), or history of macroprolactinoma. In such cases the patient should be concurrently followed by an oncologist, hematologist or cardiologist, or neurologist, respectively.</li> <li>Relative: Liver, kidney, or heart disease and stroke (or any of the risk factors for heart disease: high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, smoking); Strong family history of breast cancer or thromboembolic disease; Gallbladder disease; circulation or clotting conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, polycythemia vera, sickle cell anaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypertension, factor V leiden, prothrombin mutation, antiphospholipid antibodies, anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulants, plasminogen or fibrinolysis disorders, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, or antithrombin III deficiency.</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Hormone replacement therapy weight loss" alt="Hormone replacement therapy weight loss" src="http://www.shapemed.com/wp-content/upload/2014/02/iStock_000011569508Medium-1024x682.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Types_of_therapy">Types of therapy</span></h2> <h3><span id="Estrogens">Estrogens</span></h3> <ul><li>The dosages used are often higher than replacement doses for natal women, although the official guideline for endocrinologists recommends "maintain[ing] sex hormone levels within the normal range for the person's desired gender". Usually the dosage is reduced after an orchiectomy (the removal of the testes) or sex reassignment surgery. However, the practice of lowering estrogen doses after such operations has been carried over from the days when very high doses of estrogen were required to decrease testosterone since antiandrogens were not used. In fact, high doses (though using a less potent estrogen, estradiol, that is endogenous to the human body rather than the risky ethinyl estradiol and conjugated estrogens used in the past) are recommended during the first ten or so years of HRT to fully develop, with or without having had an orchiectomy or sex reassignment. After usually ten years or so the dosages can be reduced.</li> <li>Many different variations of estradiol exist as well as other types of estrogens although the ones most commonly used are either micronized estradiol, estradiol acetate, estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol enanthate, conjugated estrogens, and esterified estrogens.</li> <li>Injectable, implanted, nasal, oral, sub lingual, gel, spray, and transdermal patch formulations are available.</li> <li>As dosage increases, risks increase as well. Therefore, those with relative contraindications should start at lower doses and increase dosage more gradually.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Progestogens">Progestogens</span></h3> <ul><li>Progestogens include progesterone and progestins (synthetic analogs of progesterone or 17?-hydroxyprogesterone). There are oral, sublingual, suppository, gel, and injectable formulations available.</li> <li>Progestogens, in conjunction with prolactin, are involved in the maturation of the lobules, acini, and areola during pregnancy, which are mammary structures that estrogen has little to no effect on. However, there is at present no clinical evidence that either progesterone or progestins enhance breast size, shape, or appearance in either trans women or cisgender women, and one study found no benefit to breast hemicircumference over estrogen alone in a small sample of trans women given both an estrogen and an oral progestogen (usually 10 mg/day medroxyprogesterone acetate). However, the authors of the paper state that the sample size was too small to make any definitive conclusions, and that further studies should be carried out to confirm whether progestogens do significantly affect breast size and/or shape in trans women or not. As of 2012, no additional study has looked at the issue again.</li> <li>Progestogens are involved in fat distribution, increase female libidinal feelings, increase appetite, slight increase in skin oil, increases blood flow to the skin, increases the ability to sweat and lose extra heat, increase in body temperature enabling one to better tolerate the cold, healthier nails, produce a sense of calm and promote sleep, and increase energy. However, progestogens may increase skin oil and libido too much for some and there may be acne breakouts due to the increase in skin oil. In addition, these effects may actually be the result of androgenic action, which may be undesirable for most trans women.</li> <li>Progesterone in particular is essential for bone health and seems to have a role in skin elasticity, and nerve tissue. Other effects that have been seen with progesterone in particular (not the synthetics) include reducing spasms and relaxing smooth muscle tone, gallbladder activity is reduced, bronchi are widened (helps respiration), an anti-inflammatory agent and reduces the immune response, normalizing blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. Progesterone also assists in thyroid function and bone building by osteoblasts.</li> <li>Progestins (synthetic progestogens) are associated with an increased risk in breast cancer, which is not seen with progesterone (a bioidentical or natural progestogen).</li> </ul><h3><span id="Antiandrogens">Antiandrogens</span></h3> <ul><li>Spironolactone is the most frequently used antiandrogen in the United States because it is relatively safe and inexpensive. Cyproterone acetate is more commonly used outside of the US.</li> <li>Spironolactone is a 'potassium-sparing diuretic' that is also used to treat low-renin hypertension, edema, hyperaldosteronism, and low potassium levels caused by other diuretics. It can cause high potassium levels, hyperkalemia, and is therefore contra-indicated in people with renal failure or who otherwise have elevated potassium levels. Spironolactone prevents the formation of testosterone in the testis (though not in the adrenals) by inhibiting enzymes involved in its production and is an androgen receptor antagonist (prevents androgens from binding to androgen receptors).</li> <li>Cyproterone acetate is derived from 17? hydroxyprogesterone and suppresses gonadotropin levels (which in turn reduces testosterone levels), blocks androgens from binding to androgen receptors, and is a weak progestin. It has been used to treat prostate cancer. If used long-term in dosages of 150 milligrams or higher it can possibly lead to liver damage or failure.</li> <li>Other antiandrogens include bicalutamide, flutamide, and nilutamide. Unlike the two medications above, these do not lower testosterone levels but rather prevent testosterone and dihydrotestosterone from binding to androgen receptors. Because these have a weak action at the brain they do not lower libido or decrease erections. Two other antiandrogens that are rarely prescribed are ketoconazole and cimetidine. Ketoconazole has been used in those with prostatic cancer and hirsutism. Cimetidine has also been used in hirsutism. Ketoconazole has the potential of liver toxicity over long-term use and cimetidine is a relatively weak antiandrogen.</li> <li>Certain antiandrogens do not lower testosterone levels or prevent its action upon tissues but rather its metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), from forming. These medications can be used when the patient has male-pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) and/or an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia). DHT contributes to the manifestation and exacerbation of both. Two medications are currently available to prevent the creation of DHT, finasteride and dutasteride. DHT levels can be lowered up to approximately 60-75% with the former depending upon dosage and up to 93-94% with the latter.</li> </ul><h3><span id="GnRH_analogues">GnRH analogues</span></h3> <ul><li>In both sexes, the hypothalamus releases GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) to stimulate the pituitary to produce LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) which in turn cause the gonads to produce sex steroids. In adolescents of either sex with relevant indicators, GnRH analogues, such as goserelin acetate can be used to suspend the advance of sex steroid-induced, inappropriate pubert changes for a period without inducing any changes towards the sex with which the patient currently identifies. GnRH agonists work by initially over stimulating the pituitary then rapidly desensitizing it to the effects of GnRH. After an initial surge, over a period of weeks, gonadal androgen production is greatly reduced. On the other hand, GnRH antagonists act by blocking the action of GnRH in the pituitary. There is considerable controversy over the earliest age, and for how long it is clinically, morally and legally safe to do this. The previous, sixth edition of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health Standards of Care permit from Tanner stage 2, but do not allow the addition of hormones until 16, which could be five or more years. The sex steroids do have important other functions. Also, some skeletal changes (such as increased height), which may be considered masculine, are not hindered by GnRH analogues.</li> <li>GnRH analogues are often prescribed to prevent the reactivation of testicular function where surgeons require the cessation of estrogens prior to surgery.</li> <li>The high cost of GnRH analogues is often a significant factor.</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Muscle-Atrophy-and-Bone-Loss- ..." alt="Muscle-Atrophy-and-Bone-Loss- ..." src="http://vibraboard.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Muscle-Atrophy-and-Bone-Loss-with-Vibraboard-BMS-Biomechanical-Stimulation.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Effects_of_HRT">Effects of HRT</span></h2> <h3><span id="Overview">Overview</span></h3> <p>For trans women, taking estrogens causes among other changes:</p> <ul><li>The growth of breasts, with accompanying enlargement of the nipples.</li> <li>Redistribution of body fat.</li> <li>Thinning of skin.</li> </ul><p>For male-to-female transgender people, HRT often includes antiandrogens in addition to the estrogens and progestogens mentioned above.</p> <p>HRT does not usually cause facial hair growth to be impeded or the voice to change.</p> <h4><span id="Partially_reversible_changes">Partially reversible changes</span></h4> <ul><li>Breast development (may need reconstructive surgery to reverse the effect) </li> <li>Infertility, eventually leading to chemically induced aspermatogenesis. The reversibility of this effect depends on the length of time and effects of androgen suppressing substances. Androgen suppressing drugs are not a substitute for other birth control methods.</li> </ul><h4><span id="Reversible_changes">Reversible changes</span></h4> <ul><li>Decreased libido</li> <li>Redistribution of body fat (most of time)</li> <li>Reduced muscle development</li> <li>Various skin changes</li> <li>Significantly reduced and lightened body hair</li> <li>Change in body odor and sweat production</li> <li>Less prominence of veins</li> <li>Ocular changes</li> <li>Reduced gonadal "gonads" size</li> </ul><p>The psychological changes are harder to define, because HRT is usually the first physical action that takes place when transitioning and the act itself of beginning HRT has a significant psychological effect, which is difficult to distinguish from hormonally induced changes.</p> <h4><span id="What_HRT_cannot_change">What HRT cannot change</span></h4> <ul><li>HRT cannot reverse bone changes that have already been established by puberty. Consequently, total height, the length of the arms, legs, hands, and feet, and the width/size of the shoulders and rib cage are all not affected by HRT. However, details of bone shape change throughout life, with bones becoming heavier and more deeply sculptured under the influence of androgens, and HRT will prevent such changes from developing any further.</li> <li>The width of the hips are not affected in individuals in whom epiphyseal closure (fusion and closure of the ends of bones, which prevents any further lengthening) has taken place, an event which occurs in most people between 18 and 25 years of age. In addition, already established changes to the shape of the hips cannot be reversed by HRT whether epiphyseal closure has taken place yet or not.</li> <li>Already established changes to the sculpture of the bone structure of the face are not affected by HRT, nor is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) affected. These changes may be reversed by surgery (facial feminization surgery and tracheal shave, respectively) instead.</li> <li>During puberty, the voice deepens in pitch and becomes more resonant, effects which are permanent and are not affected by HRT. Voice therapy and optionally surgery may be used instead to achieve a more female sounding voice.</li> <li>Facial hair develops during puberty, and this is a change that is only slightly affected by HRT. Facial hair may be near-permanently removed with laser hair removal or permanently with electrolysis instead.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Cardiovascular">Cardiovascular</span></h3> <ul><li>The most significant cardiovascular risk for transgender women is the pro-thrombotic effect of estrogens (Increased blood clotting.) This manifests most significantly as an increased risk for thromboembolic disease: deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) which occurs when DVTs break off and migrate through the venous system to the lungs. It is important for any person on female hormones to immediately seek medical care if she develops pain or swelling of one leg (especially calf) as this is the predominant symptom of a DVT, or if she develops symptoms of PE: chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, or palpitations (even without leg pain or swelling).</li> <li>In practice this becomes very important to transgender women undergoing surgery. Ethinyl and conjugated oral estrogens should be withheld for a week before and until two weeks after surgery.</li> <li>DVTs occur more frequently in the first year of treatment with estrogens. However this may represent a 'screening by treatment' of patients who may have genetic predispositions to thromboembolic disease, with those who are <i>more likely to develop DVTs</i> doing so early on in therapy. However, if patients have a family history of thromboembolic disease, screening for known disease may be appropriate.</li> <li>DVT risk is higher with oral estrogen (particularly ethinyl estradiol and conjugated estrogens) rather than injectable, transdermal, implantable, and nasal estrogens.</li> <li>DVT risk also increases with age and with smoking, so many clinicians advise using the safer estrogen formulations in patients who smoke or are older than age 40.</li> <li>If screening is undertaken for known pro-thrombotic mutations such as Factor V-Leiden, antithrombin III, and protein C or S deficiency, it should be done so to <i>increase the safety</i> of hormonal therapy and <b>not</b> as a screen for who may undertake hormonal therapy. Given that the risk of warfarin treatment in a relatively young, well-informed, and otherwise healthy population is quite low and that the risk of adverse physical and psychological outcome for untreated transgender patients is high, a prothrombotic mutation is not an absolute contraindication for hormonal therapy. (See: Levy, et al. "Endocrine Intervention for Transsexuals" Clin Endo 2003. 59:409-418.)</li> <li>The antiandrogen bicalutamide is associated with an increased risk of heart failure when used as monotherapy (without any other drugs). A study of prostate cancer patients also showed an increased number of deaths unrelated to cancer among patients taking 150 mg/day bicalutamide. This prompted Health Canada to withdraw its approval for 150 mg bicalutamide as monotherapy. The increased death rate has not been observed where bicalutamide was combined with a method of reducing androgen production. The exact reasons for the heart failure and deaths have not been completely determined, however a likely cause is acute adrenal insufficiency and hypotension due to the action of DHT during episodes of bicalutamide withdrawal. Because bicalutamide is extremely lipophilic, it is difficult to avoid periods of low serum concentration due to the uptake of bicalutamide into fat cells.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Hair">Hair</span></h3> <ul><li>Current facial hair is only slightly affected (some reduction in density, coverage, and slower growth) by antiandrogens. Those who are less than a decade past puberty and/or whose race generally lacks a significant amount of facial hair will have better results with antiandrogens. Those taking antiandrogens will have better results with electrolysis/laser hair removal than those who are not. If one is still in their teens or early twenties, there will be prevention of new facial hairs from developing if testosterone levels are within the female range.</li> <li>Body hair (chest, periareolar, shoulders, back, abdomen, buttocks, thighs, tops of hands, tops of feet) will, over time, turn from terminal ("normal") hairs to vellus hairs (very tiny, blonde "baby" hairs). Hair on the arms, perianal, and perineal will reduce but may not turn to vellus hair on the latter two regions (some natal females also have some hair in these areas). Underarm hair will slightly change in texture and length, pubic hair becomes more typically female in pattern. Lower leg hair becomes less dense in concentration. All depend upon genetics.</li> <li>Head hair may slightly change in texture, curl, and color (new hairs that is, not hair that has already formed and reached the surface prior to HRT), this is especially likely with hair growth from previously bald areas.</li> <li>Eyebrow hair becomes less "bushy" or scattered.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Urogynecological_effects">Urogynecological effects</span></h3> <ul><li>Transgender women report a sometimes significant reduction in libido, all depending on the dosage of antiandrogens. A small number of post-operative transsexual women may take small amounts of testosterone to boost the libido. Many pre-operative transsexual women simply wait until after sex-reassignment surgery to begin an active sex life (due to how they feel towards their genitals and/or an aversion to other sex acts) and for newly post-operative women how satisfied they are with the results. Raising estrogen dosage or adding a progestogen has also raised the libido of some trans women.</li> <li>Spontaneous and morning erections decrease in frequency significantly, however some who have had an orchiectomy still experience morning erections. Voluntary erections may or may not be possible depending on the amount of hormones and/or antiandrogens being taken; it varies a lot depending on individual biochemistry, dosing, and anatomy.</li> <li>Testi volume is reduced by about 25% with typical dosages and as much as 50% in higher dosages, especially after a year of HRT. This is in response to the decrease in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and interstitial tissue, which produce both sperm and testosterone. When testosterone is dramatically reduced spermatogenesis is halted almost completely, when the cells that are involved in these processes go unused they atrophy (shrink).</li> <li>The prostate shrinks.</li> <li>The bladder shrinks.</li> <li>The line that runs down the underside of the penis and down the middle of the scrotum, the peno-scrotal raphe (where the urogenital folds fused early in the womb), will darken.</li> <li>Minor water retention is likely. (If spironolactone is used as an antiandrogen then it will tend to counter this effect, since it is a diuretic.)</li> </ul><h3><span id="Childbearing">Childbearing</span></h3> <ul><li>Childbearing, as experienced by cisgender women, is speculative with current technology. Pre-operative sperm banking can be done, however, allowing artificial insemination to be used to produce genetic offspring with someone else at a later date. Medical advances in the near future may one day make this possible by using a donor uterus long enough to carry a child to term as anti-rejection drugs do not seem to affect the fetus. As of now, the first uterine transplant, done on October 4, in Sweden proved to be successful. The DNA in a donated ovum can be removed and replaced with the DNA of the receiver. Further in the future stem cell biotechnology may also make this possible, with no need for anti-rejection drugs.</li> </ul><p>However, a problem may arise with the structure of hip bones, since cisgender women generally have larger hip bones to accommodate pregnancy.</p> <h3><span id="Bone">Bone</span></h3> <ul><li>Both estrogens and androgens are necessary in all humans for healthy bone. (Young healthy women produce about 10 mg of testosterone monthly. Higher bone mineral density in males is associated with higher serum estrogen.)</li> <li>Bone is not static. It is constantly being reabsorbed and created. Osteoporosis results when bone formation occurs at a rate less than bone reabsorption.</li> <li>Estrogen is the predominant sex hormone that slows bone loss (even in men.)</li> <li>Both estrogen and testosterone help stimulate bone formation (T, especially at puberty.)</li> <li>The hips will rotate slightly forward due to changes in the tendons so hip discomfort is not uncommon.</li> <li>If estrogen therapy is conducted prior to the pelvis ossification that occurs around the age of 25, the pelvic outlet and inlet open slightly. This widening will also widen the femora as they are connected to the pelvis. The pelvis will still have some masculine characteristics by default but the end result will be wider hips than a normal male and closer to a cis female.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Drug_interactions">Drug interactions</span></h3> <ul><li>Any drug can cause adverse reactions with other medications so it is wise to check with a doctor or pharmacist when starting any new medication.</li> <li>Of the estrogen formulations commonly used, ethinyl estradiol (commonly found in birth control pills) has the greatest number of adverse reactions.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Skin">Skin</span></h3> <ul><li>The uppermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum, becomes thinner and therefore more translucent and pinkish (spider veins may appear or be more noticeable), less collagen, more susceptible to tearing and irritation from scratching or shaving, increased tactile sensation, and slightly lighter in color due to a slight decrease in melanin (pigment).</li> <li>Skin becomes softer.</li> <li>Sebaceous gland activity (which is triggered by androgens) lessens which lowers the amount of sebum (oil) production on the skin and scalp, consequently the skin becomes less prone to the formation of acne due to the less quantity of oil that is produced. Dry skin becomes a problem and lotions and oils may be necessary.</li> <li>The skin's pores become smaller due to the low quantities of sebum produced</li> <li>Body odor (skin, sweat, and urine) will become less "metallic," "sharp," or "acrid" and more "sweet" and "musky."</li> <li>Many apocrine glands (type of sweat glands) become inactive and body odor decreases. Sebum also contributes to body odor, the production of which is reduced by antiandrogens (as described above).</li> <li>More subcutaneous fat tissue accumulates. This gives a more puffy/softer appearance. Consequently dimpling, or cellulite, will be more apparent on the thighs and buttocks due to this along with the thinness of the skin.</li> <li>Susceptibility to sunburn increases possibly due to the thinner skin and/or less skin pigment.</li> <li>Because of the increase in adipose tissue in the hips, thighs, and rear, stretch marks (striae distensae) may appear on the skin in these areas.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Ocular_changes">Ocular changes</span></h3> <ul><li>The lens of the eyes changes in curvature.</li> <li>Due to decreased androgens, the meibomian glands (a.k.a. tarsal, palpebral, or tarsoconjunctival glands. A type of sebaceous gland on the upper and lower eyelids that open at the edges of the lids) produce less oil (oil that makes up the lipid layer of tear film which prevents the evaporation of the watery layer beneath) and a tendency for dry eyes may be a problem.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Senses">Senses</span></h3> <ul><li>Sensitivity to male body odor(s) (including male pheromones) may be positively correlated with elevated estrogen levels. Overall, olfactory senses may increase.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Mammary_gland_development">Mammary gland development</span></h3> <ul><li>Breast, nipple, and areolar development takes 4-6 years to complete depending upon genetics, and sometimes as long as 10 years. It is normal for there to be a "stall" in breast growth during transition, or for the size of one breast to be a little bigger than the other. Transwomen who undergo HRT often experience breast development which is below the comparable cis female norm (many seek breast augmentation); it is rare for an HRT patient to opt for breast reduction. The size of the rib cage and shoulder width also play a role in the perceivable "size" of the breasts; both characteristics are usually smaller in cis females, i.e., if a cis female and a trans female were to have the same cup size, the transwoman's breasts would most likely appear smaller. Thus when a trans woman opts to have breast augmentation, the implants used are, on the average, larger than those commonly used by cis females.</li> <li>The nipples often become more sensitive to stimulation.</li> <li>Many women in clinical trials used stem cells from fat to regrow breasts from total mastectomies. This would replace the need for artificial implantation.</li> <li>As in a genetic woman during puberty, ducts and coopers ligaments will develop under the influence of estrogen. Progesterone will cause the actual milk sacks (alveoli) to grow and develop and given the right stimuli, the breasts can lactate as in a cis woman.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Adipose_tissue_distribution">Adipose tissue distribution</span></h3> <ul><li>Fat distribution in the body slowly changes over months and years. The body will now tend to accumulate new adipose tissue (fat) in a typically female pattern. This includes the hips, thighs, rear, pubis, upper arms, and breasts. The body will now tend to use/burn the old adipose tissue in the waist making the waist appear smaller as well as on the shoulders and back.</li> <li>Subcutaneous adipose tissue increases in the face (cheeks and lips) making the face appear puffier, appears to "round out" the face, and the face appears less "drawn" or "hollow" with slightly less emphasis on the jaw due to the lower portion of the cheeks having filled in.</li> <li>Gleuteofemoral fat ( fat on hips, thighs and buttocks) will begin to accumulate. This fat has a higher content of omega-3 fatty acids and its purpose is to be used for lactation.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Gastrointestinal">Gastrointestinal</span></h3> <ul><li>Estrogens may predispose to gallbladder disease - especially in older and obese people.</li> <li>Estrogens (especially oral forms) may cause elevations in transaminases (liver function tests) indicating liver toxicity. LFTs should therefore be periodically monitored in transgender women.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Neurological.2FPsychiatric">Neurological/Psychiatric</span></h3> <ul><li>Mood changes can occur, such as the development of depression. However, many trans women report significant mood-lifting effects from HRT as well. In addition, the risk of depressive side effects is more particularly common in those who take progestins. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, in particular, has been shown to cause depression in certain individuals, perhaps due to its possible effect on dopamine levels; though, this effect may be largely reliant on its strong inhibitory effects on sex hormone production.</li> <li>Migraines can be made worse or unmasked by estrogen therapy.</li> <li>Estrogens can induce the development of prolactinomas, which is why prolactin levels should periodically be monitored in transgender women. Milk discharge from the nipples can be a sign of elevated prolactin levels. If a prolactinoma becomes large enough, it can cause visual changes (especially decreased peripheral vision), headaches, mood changes, depression, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and symptoms of pituitary failure like hypothyroidism.</li> <li>Some people have noticed a feeling of calmness/self-contentment after starting HRT.</li> <li>Recent studies have indicated that cross-hormone therapy in trans women may result in a reduction in brain volume towards female proportions.</li> </ul><h3><span id="Metabolic">Metabolic</span></h3> <ul><li>Estrogen therapy causes decreased insulin sensitivity which places transgender women at increased risk of developing type II diabetes.</li> <li>One's metabolism slows down and one tends to gain weight, lose energy, need more sleep, and become cold more easily. Due to androgen deprivation a loss of muscle tone, a slower metabolism, and physical weakness becomes more evident. Building muscle will take more work than before. The addition of a progestogen may increase energy although an increase in appetite may be seen as well.</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Body For Life | Providing Medically Supervised Weight Loss ..." alt="Body For Life | Providing Medically Supervised Weight Loss ..." src="http://www.memphistestosterone.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/iStock_000017400459Medium1-1537x500.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Hormone_levels">Hormone levels</span></h2> <p>During HRT, especially in the early stages of treatment, blood work should be consistently done to assess hormone levels and liver function. It is suggested by Endocrine Society that individuals have blood tests every 3 months in the first year of Hormone Replacement Therapy for Estradiol and Testosterone and monitor Spironolactone, if used, every 2-3 months in the first year.</p> <p>The optimal ranges listed for estrogen only apply to individuals taking bioidentical hormones (i.e., estradiol, including esters) and do not apply to those taking synthetic or other non-bioidentical preparations (e.g., ethinyl estradiol or conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin)). While the ranges given are optimal, Endocrine society further state that Estrogen levels of 200pg/ml ought not to be exceeded.</p> <p>There should also be medical monitoring, including complete blood counts, renal and liver function, lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as monitoring prolactin levels, body weight and blood pressure.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Bio-Identical Hormone Replacement Therapy (Bio-HRT) - Nova Medical ..." alt="Bio-Identical Hormone Replacement Therapy (Bio-HRT) - Nova Medical ..." src="http://www.novamedgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/19.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li>Hormone replacement therapy (transgender)</li> <li>Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male)</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Hormone Replacement Therapy in Fresno | Clovis at avecinia" alt="Hormone Replacement Therapy in Fresno | Clovis at avecinia" src="http://www.avecinia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/iStock_000019588678Small.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss Bethesda MD - Atlantis Medical Wellness Center" alt="Weight Loss Bethesda MD - Atlantis Medical Wellness Center" src="http://www.atlantismedcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/apple-1200x600.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><span>Hembree W, Cohen-Kettenis P, Delemarre-van de Waal H, Gooren L, Meyer III W, Spack N, Tangpricha V, Montori V (September 2009). "Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline" <span>(PDF)</span>. The Endocrine Society/Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism<span>. Retrieved <span>20 July</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone+replacement+therapy+%28male-to-female%29&rft.au=Hembree+W%2C+Cohen-Kettenis+P%2C+Delemarre-van+de+Waal+H%2C+Gooren+L%2C+Meyer+III+W%2C+Spack+N%2C+Tangpricha+V%2C+Montori+V&rft.aulast=Hembree+W%2C+Cohen-Kettenis+P%2C+Delemarre-van+de+Waal+H%2C+Gooren+L%2C+Meyer+III+W%2C+Spack+N%2C+Tangpricha+V%2C+Montori+V&rft.btitle=Endocrine+Treatment+of+Transsexual+Persons%3A+An+Endocrine+Society+Clinical+Practice+Guideline&rft.date=September+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endo-society.org%2Fguidelines%2Ffinal%2Fupload%2FEndocrine-Treatment-of-Transsexual-Persons.pdf&rft.pub=The+Endocrine+Society%2FJournal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Dahl M, Feldman J, Goldberg J, Jaberi A, Bockting W, Knudson G, Goldberg J (January 2006). "Endocrine Therapy for Transgender Adults in British Columbia: Suggested Guidelines" <span>(PDF)</span>. Vancouver Coastal Health Authority<span>. Retrieved <span>20 July</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone+replacement+therapy+%28male-to-female%29&rft.au=Dahl+M%2C++Feldman+J%2C+Goldberg+J%2C+Jaberi+A%2C+Bockting+W%2C+Knudson+G%2C+Goldberg+J&rft.aulast=Dahl+M%2C++Feldman+J%2C+Goldberg+J%2C+Jaberi+A%2C+Bockting+W%2C+Knudson+G%2C+Goldberg+J&rft.btitle=Endocrine+Therapy+for+Transgender+Adults+in+British+Columbia%3A+Suggested+Guidelines&rft.date=January+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranshealth.vch.ca%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Ftcpdocs%2Fguidelines-endocrine.pdf&rft.pub=Vancouver+Coastal+Health+Authority&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li> <li>Tom Waddell Clinic Transgender Protocol - MTF and FTM clinical protocols aimed at providers</li> <li><span>Moore E, Wisniewski A, Dobs A (August 2003). "Endocrine treatment of transsexual people: a review of treatment regimens, outcomes, and adverse effects". <i>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</i> <b>88</b> (8): 3467-73. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021967. PMID 12915619<span>. Retrieved <span>31 October</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHormone+replacement+therapy+%28male-to-female%29&rft.atitle=Endocrine+treatment+of+transsexual+people%3A+a+review+of+treatment+regimens%2C+outcomes%2C+and+adverse+effects&rft.aulast=Moore+E%2C+Wisniewski+A%2C+Dobs+A&rft.au=Moore+E%2C+Wisniewski+A%2C+Dobs+A&rft.date=August+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcem.endojournals.org%2Fcontent%2F88%2F8%2F3467.full&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjc.2002-021967&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12915619&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&rft.pages=3467-73&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=88"><span> </span></span></li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1RWTF2n">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(male-to-female)">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-90638915750754189492015-07-10T00:29:00.001-07:002015-07-10T00:29:07.372-07:00Nicholas Perricone - Ageless Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz6UFB40_E3wt9zPK4IMVfFl7Nr4yqbnkShyG3CzvugkxL2HdxCAmQ-SGA1FAWZ8xnoRj-5bZFrTIMzO1FykwrsSw_Oqm583aJu23p-hF209U44VcnAZoY5Z8c6584G3r3jsWZRE-U2m0/s1600/Zen+for+your+fitness+and+weightloss+needs+%257C+Yelp-747373.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz6UFB40_E3wt9zPK4IMVfFl7Nr4yqbnkShyG3CzvugkxL2HdxCAmQ-SGA1FAWZ8xnoRj-5bZFrTIMzO1FykwrsSw_Oqm583aJu23p-hF209U44VcnAZoY5Z8c6584G3r3jsWZRE-U2m0/s320/Zen+for+your+fitness+and+weightloss+needs+%257C+Yelp-747373.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169777854621142178" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_3102"><p><b>Nicholas Perricone</b> <span><span>/<span><span title="/'/ primary stress follows">'</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/?r/ 'err' in 'merry'">?r</span><span title="/?/ 'e' in 'roses'">?</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/o?/ long 'o' in 'code'">o?</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span></span>/</span></span>, MD, is a board certified dermatologist, nutritionist who has written several books, primarily on the subjects of weight loss and maintaining the appearance of youth. Perricone is an Adjunct Professor of Medicine at Michigan State University's College of Human Medicine, from which he received his MD. He has over 40 U.S patents and appeared in two special programs on PBS. Perricone sells his own line of skin care products.</p> <p>According to PEERtrainer, Perricone presents himself as a radical in the dermatological community, repeatedly encouraging his audience to challenge the <i>status quo</i>. He compares his work relating diet to skin care with Ignaz Semmelweis's work on hand washing and the spread of disease in the 1800s.</p> <p>Perricone takes a staunchly anti-Botox stance. He argues that an anti-inflammatory diet plus nutritional supplements and topical anti aging products can produce a better result in fighting the aging process. In an interview with Marie Claire magazine, Perricone writes that "Botox is a neurotoxin that paralyzes the muscle. After people use it, they start losing volume in their face, and that accelerates the appearance of aging."</p> <p>Perricone is also known for advocating "beauty from the inside out," as reported in <i>Goop</i>, Gwyneth Paltrow's lifestyle newsletter.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Zen for your fitness and weightloss needs | Yelp" alt="Zen for your fitness and weightloss needs | Yelp" src="http://s3-media2.fl.yelpcdn.com/bphoto/iA0paWk0sh8rF6kZFoUwWw/o.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Books">Books</span></h2> <p>Perricone's books all take a similar three-tiered approach to skin problems: diet, supplements, and topicals. The books share some general recommendations, but each contains unique material.</p> <ul><li><i>Forever Young: The Science of Nutrigenomics for Glowing, Wrinkle-Free Skin and Radiant Health at Every Age</i>. Atria Books, 2010.</li> <li><i>Ageless Face, Ageless Mind: Erase Wrinkles and Rejuvenate the Brain</i>. Ballantine Books, 2007.</li> <li><i>Dr. Perricone's 7 Secrets to Beauty, Health, and Longevity: The Miracle of Cellular Rejuvenation</i>. Ballantine Books, 2006.</li> <li><i>The Perricone Weight-Loss Diet: A Simple 3-Part Plan to Lose the Fat, the Wrinkles, and the Years</i>. Ballantine Books, 2005.</li> <li><i>The Perricone Promise: Look Younger, Live Longer in Three Easy Steps</i>. Warner Books, 2004.</li> <li><i>Dr. Nicholas Perricone's Programme: Grow Young, Get Slim, in Days!</i>. Thorsons, 2004.</li> <li><i>The Clear Skin Prescription : The Perricone Program to Eliminate Problem Skin</i>. HarperCollins, 2004.</li> <li><i>The Acne Prescription: The Perricone Program for Clear and Healthy Skin at Every Age</i>. HarperCollins, 2003.</li> <li><i>The Perricone Prescription: A Physician's 28-Day Program for Total Body and Face Rejuvenation</i>. Harper, 2002.</li> <li><i>The Wrinkle Cure: The Formula for Stopping Time</i>. Vermilion, 2001.</li> <li><i>The Wrinkle Cure: Unlock the Power of Cosmeceuticals for Supple, Youthful Skin</i>. Rodale, 2000.</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Ageless Class Descriptions - Ageless Fitness - The Two Best Little ..." alt="Ageless Class Descriptions - Ageless Fitness - The Two Best Little ..." src="http://ageless-fitness.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/glokick1.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Dr. Perricone's official website</li> <li>A Skeptical View of the Perricone Prescription</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1Gwu9gu">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Perricone">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-12365831279707788822015-07-09T23:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T23:30:09.258-07:00Bupropion - Which Antidepressants Cause Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifC02NzpoWPW3hyphenhyphenewBKS0hfr-Ait53Udmy91XO8B9_4LLkHDeJCDpsFdsXGFZZbhz19i1ePsxTM1-IvY4dFFhfEVMs8xj0_5gDmirmXi8w-EpKF7_4UGSkAzI7rOWXV8-1bwx5X-SRLgQ/s1600/Antidepressants+That+Help+You+Lose+Weight+%257C+LIVESTRONG.COM-709259.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifC02NzpoWPW3hyphenhyphenewBKS0hfr-Ait53Udmy91XO8B9_4LLkHDeJCDpsFdsXGFZZbhz19i1ePsxTM1-IvY4dFFhfEVMs8xj0_5gDmirmXi8w-EpKF7_4UGSkAzI7rOWXV8-1bwx5X-SRLgQ/s320/Antidepressants+That+Help+You+Lose+Weight+%257C+LIVESTRONG.COM-709259.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169762658228265250" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_3560"><p><b>Bupropion</b> (<span><span>/<span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ju:/ long 'u' in 'cute'">ju:</span><span title="/'/ primary stress follows">'</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/o?/ long 'o' in 'code'">o?</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./ syllable break">.</span><span title="/?/ short 'o' in 'body'">?</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span></span>/</span></span> <span title="English pronunciation respelling"><i>bew-<b><span><span><span>PROH</span></span></span></b>-pee-on</i></span>) (BAN) or <b>bupropion hydrochloride</b> (USAN, BAN), also known as <b>amfebutamone</b> (INN), is a drug of the aminoketone family primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. Marketed as <b>Wellbutrin</b> and other trade names, it is one of the most frequently prescribed antidepressants in the United States, although in many English-speaking countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, this is an off-label use. It is also widely used, in a formulation marketed as <b>Zyban</b>, to aid people who are trying to quit smoking. Bupropion is consumed in tablet form and is available only by prescription in most countries.</p> <p>Clinically, bupropion serves as an atypical antidepressant fundamentally different from most commonly prescribed antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is an effective antidepressant on its own, but is also popular as an add-on medication in cases of incomplete response to first-line SSRI antidepressants. In contrast to many other antidepressants, it does not cause weight gain or sexual dysfunction. The most important side effect is an increase in risk for epileptic seizures, which caused the drug to be withdrawn from the market for some time and then caused the recommended dosage to be reduced.</p> <p>Bupropion is known to affect several different biological targets, and its mechanism of action is only partly understood. It has been widely described in the literature as a weak norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). However, this is not entirely accurate. There is evidence that bupropion induces the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in addition to inhibiting their reuptake, similarly to other cathinones like amfepramone (diethylpropion). Moreover, studies with humans via the oral administration route have demonstrated that bupropion does not significantly affect dopamine levels in the brain at clinically-used doses, indicating that its <i>in vitro</i> capacity to inhibit the reuptake and induce the release of dopamine is not involved in its clinical effects. This finding can be reasonably explained by extensive first-pass metabolism of bupropion into metabolites with differing pharmacology - namely, selective noradrenergic action without dopaminergic effect. In addition to its monoaminergic actions, bupropion and its metabolites act as non-competitive antagonists of several neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nACh receptors), a property which appears to be importantly involved in both the antidepressant effects of bupropion and its efficacy in smoking cessation. Chemically, bupropion belongs to the class of aminoketones and is similar in structure to stimulants such as cathinone and amfepramone, and to phenethylamines in general.</p> <p>Bupropion was synthesized by Nariman Mehta and patented by Burroughs Wellcome in 1969, which later became part of what is now GlaxoSmithKline. It was first approved for clinical use in the United States in 1989. It was originally called by the generic name <b>amfebutamone</b>, before being renamed in 2000. Its chemical name is 3-chloro-<i>N</i>-<i>tert</i>-butyl-?-ketoamphetamine. It is a substituted cathinone (?-ketoamphetamine), and by extension, a substituted amphetamine.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Antidepressants That Help You Lose Weight | LIVESTRONG.COM" alt="Antidepressants That Help You Lose Weight | LIVESTRONG.COM" src="http://photos2.demandstudios.com/DM-Resize/photos.demandstudios.com/getty/article/251/253/78292608.jpg?w=1200&h=630&crop_min=1&keep_ratio=1" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</span></h2> <h3><span id="Depression">Depression</span></h3> <p>Bupropion is one of the most widely prescribed antidepressants, and the available evidence indicates that it is effective in clinical depression -- as effective as several other widely prescribed drugs, including fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine (Paxil), although trends favoring the efficacy of escitalopram (Lexapro), sertraline (Zoloft) and venlafaxine (Effexor) over bupropion have been observed. Mirtazapine (Remeron), on the other hand is significantly more effective than bupropion. Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: for instance, unlike the majority of antidepressants, it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction. Bupropion treatment also is not associated with the somnolence or weight gain that may be produced by other antidepressants.</p> <p>In depressed people who experience symptoms of sleepiness and fatigue, bupropion has been found to be more effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in alleviating these symptoms. There appears to be a modest advantage for the SSRIs over bupropion in the treatment of anxious depression.</p> <p>According to surveys, the addition to a prescribed SSRI is a common strategy when people do not respond to the SSRI, even though this is not an officially approved indication. The addition of bupropion to an SSRI (most commonly fluoxetine or sertraline) may result in an improvement in some people who have an incomplete response to the first-line antidepressant.</p> <p>In some countries (including Australia, New Zealand and the UK) this is an off-label use. Bupropion was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in 2006, for the prevention of seasonal affective disorder.</p> <h3><span id="Smoking_cessation">Smoking cessation</span></h3> <p>The next most common use is as an aid for smoking cessation where it reduces the severity of nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. A typical bupropion treatment course lasts for seven to twelve weeks, with the patient halting the use of tobacco about ten days into the course. Bupropion approximately doubles the chance of quitting smoking successfully after three months. One year after treatment, the odds of sustaining smoking cessation are still 1.5 times higher in the bupropion group than in the placebo group.</p> <p>The evidence is clear that bupropion is effective at reducing nicotine cravings. Whether it is more effective than other treatments is not as clear, due to a limited number of studies. The evidence that is available suggests that bupropion is comparable to nicotine replacement therapy, but somewhat less effective than varenicline (Chantix).</p> <p>In Australia and the UK smoking cessation is the only licensed indication of bupropion.</p> <h3><span id="Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</span></h3> <p>There have been numerous reports of positive results for bupropion as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), both in minors and adults. However, in a double-blind study of children, while aggression and hyperactivity as rated by the children's teachers were significantly improved in comparison to placebo, parents and clinicians could not distinguish between the effects of bupropion and placebo. The 2007 guideline on the ADHD treatment from American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry notes that the evidence for bupropion is "far weaker" than for the FDA-approved treatments. Its effect may also be "considerably less than of the approved agents ... Thus it may be prudent for the clinician to recommend a trial of behavior therapy at this point, before moving to these second-line agents." Similarly, the Texas Department of State Health Services guideline recommends considering bupropion or a tricyclic antidepressant as a fourth-line treatment after trying two different stimulants and atomoxetine.</p> <h3><span id="Sexual_dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</span></h3> <p>Bupropion is one of few antidepressants that do not cause sexual dysfunction. A range of studies demonstrate that bupropion not only produces fewer sexual side effects than other antidepressants, but can actually help to alleviate sexual dysfunction. According to a survey of psychiatrists, it is the drug of choice for the treatment of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, although this is not an indication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. There have also been a few studies suggesting that bupropion can improve sexual function in women who are not depressed, if they have hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD).</p> <h3><span id="Obesity">Obesity</span></h3> <p>Bupropion, when used for treating obesity over a period of 6 to 12 months, may result in weight loss of 2.7 kg over placebo. This is not much different from the weight loss produced by several other medications, such as sibutramine, orlistat and amfepramone.</p> <p>It has been studied in combination with naltrexone. Concerns from bupropion include an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. In September 2014, a combination (bupropion/naltrexone) was approved by the USFDA for the treatment of obesity.</p> <h3><span id="Other">Other</span></h3> <p>There has been controversy about whether it is useful to add an antidepressant such as bupropion to a mood stabilizer in patients with bipolar depression, but recent reviews have concluded that bupropion in this situation does no significant harm and may sometimes give significant benefit.</p> <p>Bupropion has shown no effectiveness in the treatment of cocaine dependence, but there is weak evidence that it may be useful in treating methamphetamine dependence.</p> <p>Based on studies indicating that bupropion lowers the level of the inflammatory mediator TNF-alpha, there have been suggestions that it might be useful in treating inflammatory bowel disease or other autoimmune conditions, but very little clinical evidence is available.</p> <p>Bupropion--like other antidepressants, with the exception of duloxetine (Cymbalta)--is not effective in treating chronic low back pain. It does, however, show some promise in the treatment of neuropathic pain.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Contraindications">Contraindications</span></h2> <p>GlaxoSmithKline advises that bupropion should not be prescribed to individuals with epilepsy or other conditions that lower the seizure threshold, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, active brain tumors, or concurrent alcohol and/or benzodiazepine use and/or withdrawal. It should be avoided in individuals who are also taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). When switching from MAOIs to bupropion, it is important to include a washout period of about two weeks between the medications. The prescribing information approved by the FDA recommends that caution should be exercised when treating patients with liver damage, severe kidney disease, and severe hypertension, and in pediatric patients, adolescents and young adults due to the increased risk of suicidal ideation.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="May (or May Not) Cause Weight Gain - The New York Times" alt="May (or May Not) Cause Weight Gain - The New York Times" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2015/03/03/opinion/03ANXIETY/03ANXIETY-facebookJumbo.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Side_effects">Side effects</span></h2> <p>Epileptic seizures are the most important adverse effect of bupropion. A high incidence of seizures was responsible for the temporary withdrawal of the drug from the market between 1986 and 1989. The risk of seizure is strongly dose-dependent, but also dependent on the preparation. The sustained-release preparation is associated with a seizure incidence of 0.1% at daily dosages of less than 300 mg of bupropion and 0.4% at 300-400 mg. The immediate release preparation is associated with a seizure incidence of 0.4% for dosages below 450 mg; the incidence climbs to 5% for dosages between 450-600 mg per day. For comparison, the incidence of unprovoked seizure in the general population is 0.07 to 0.09%, and the risk of seizure for a variety of other antidepressants is generally between 0 and 0.6% at recommended dosage levels. Given that clinical depression itself has been reported to increase the occurrence of seizures, it has been suggested that low to moderate doses of antidepressants may not actually increase seizure risk at all. However, this same study found that bupropion and clomipramine were unique among antidepressants in that they were associated with increased incidence of seizures.</p> <p>The prescribing information notes that hypertension, sometimes severe, was observed in some patients, both with and without pre-existing hypertension. The frequency of this adverse effect was under 1% and not significantly higher than found with placebo. A review of the available data carried out in 2008 indicated that bupropion is safe to use in patients with a variety of serious cardiac conditions.</p> <p>In the UK, more than 7,600 reports of suspected adverse reactions were collected in the first two years after bupropion's approval by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency as part of the Yellow Card Scheme, which monitored side effects. Approximately 540,000 people were treated with bupropion for smoking cessation during that period. The MHRA received 60 reports of "<i>suspected</i> [emphasis MHRA's] adverse reactions to Zyban which had a fatal outcome". The agency concluded that "in the majority of cases the individual's underlying condition may provide an alternative explanation." This is consistent with a large, 9,300-patient safety study that showed that the mortality of smokers taking bupropion is not higher than the natural mortality of smokers of the same age.</p> <h3><span id="Psychiatric">Psychiatric</span></h3> <p>Suicidal thought and behavior are rare in clinical trials, and the FDA requires all antidepressants, including bupropion, to carry a boxed warning stating that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicide in persons younger than 25. This warning is based on a statistical analysis conducted by the FDA which found a 2-fold increase in suicidal thought and behavior in children and adolescents, and 1.5-fold increase in the 18-24 age group. For this analysis the FDA combined the results of 295 trials of 11 antidepressants in order to obtain statistically significant results. Considered in isolation, bupropion was not statistically different from placebo.</p> <p>Suicidal behavior is less of a concern when bupropion is prescribed for smoking cessation. According to a 2007 Cochrane Database review, there have been four suicides per one million prescriptions and one case of suicidal ideation per ten thousand prescriptions of bupropion for smoking cessation in the UK. The review concludes, "Although some suicides and deaths while taking bupropion have been reported, thus far there is insufficient evidence to suggest they were caused by bupropion."</p> <p>In 2009 the FDA issued a health advisory warning that the prescription of bupropion for smoking cessation has been associated with reports about unusual behavior changes, agitation and hostility. Some patients, according to the advisory, have become depressed or have had their depression worsen, have had thoughts about suicide or dying, or have attempted suicide. This advisory was based on a review of anti-smoking products that identified 75 reports of "suicidal adverse events" for bupropion over ten years.</p> <p>Bupropion-induced psychosis may develop in select patient populations, or worsen a pre-existing psychotic syndrome. Symptoms may include delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and confusion. In most cases these symptoms can be reduced or eliminated by reducing the dose, ceasing treatment or adding antipsychotic medication. However, adding a benzodiazepine to treat psychosis, instead of an antipsychotic, may become a valid alternative according to the model of amphetamine-induced psychosis. Psychotic symptoms are associated with factors such as higher doses of bupropion, a history of bipolar disorder or psychosis, concomitant medications, for example, lithium or benzodiazepines, old age, or substance abuse.</p> <p>According to several case reports, the use of bupropion at therapeutic doses may induce a mild state of psychological dependence in some users; the associated psychological withdrawal symptoms which have been observed following the abrupt discontinuation of treatment include: dystonia, irritability, anxiety, mania, headache, aches and pains. The prescribing information recommends dose tapering after bupropion has been used for seasonal affective disorder; however it states that dose tapering is not required when discontinuing treatment for smoking cessation.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Depression Medications - Depression Health Information - NY Times ..." alt="Depression Medications - Depression Health Information - NY Times ..." src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2014/09/19/multimedia/retro-prozac/retro-prozac-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Overdose">Overdose</span></h2> <p>Bupropion is considered moderately dangerous in overdose.</p> <p>In the majority of childhood exploratory ingestions involving one or two tablets, children show no apparent symptoms. In teenagers and adults, seizures are more commonly observed, with the seizure rate increasing tenfold with doses of 600 mg daily.</p> <p>Bupropion overdose rarely results in death, although some cases have been reported. Symptoms include hallucinations and delusions, vomiting, aggressive behavior, and seizures.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Depression Medications - Depression Health Information - NY Times ..." alt="Depression Medications - Depression Health Information - NY Times ..." src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2014/05/20/multimedia/postpartum-emily/postpartum-emily-videoSixteenByNine1050.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Interactions">Interactions</span></h2> <p>Since bupropion is metabolized to hydroxybupropion by the CYP2B6 enzyme, drug interactions with CYP2B6 inhibitors are possible: this includes medications like paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, diazepam, clopidogrel, and orphenadrine. The expected result is the increase of bupropion and decrease of hydroxybupropion blood concentration. The reverse effect (decrease of bupropion and increase of hydroxybupropion) can be expected with CYP2B6 inducers, such as carbamazepine, clotrimazole, rifampicin, ritonavir, St John's wort, phenobarbital, phenytoin and others. Conversely, because bupropion is itself an inhibitor of CYP2D6 (K<sub>i</sub>=21 ?M), as is its active metabolite, hydroxybupropion (K<sub>i</sub>=13.3 ?M), it can slow the clearance of other drugs metabolized by this enzyme.</p> <p>Bupropion lowers the threshold for epileptic seizures, and therefore can potentially interact with other medications that also lower it, such as carbapenems, cholinergic agents, fluoroquinolones, interferons, chloroquine, mefloquine, lindane, theophylline, systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), and some tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., clomipramine). The prescribing information recommends minimizing the use of alcohol, since in rare cases bupropion reduces alcohol tolerance, and because the excessive use of alcohol may lower the seizure threshold. Also, bupropion should not be taken by individuals undergoing abrupt cessation of alcohol or benzodiazepine use.</p> <p>Caution should be observed when combining bupropion with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Does lexapro cause weight loss - Can you loose weight from lexapro ..." alt="Does lexapro cause weight loss - Can you loose weight from lexapro ..." src="http://vietnamdesigns.com/image/551eda3f5e119.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</span></h2> <h3><span id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</span></h3> <p>Based on animal and human proteins research, bupropion has been characterized as a weak norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It has also been found to act as a releasing agent of dopamine and norepinephrine (NDRA). However, in actual humans, bupropion is extensively converted in the body into several active metabolites with differing activity and influence on the effects of bupropion during first-pass metabolism. These metabolites are present in significantly higher levels in the body compared to bupropion itself. The most important example of this is bupropion's most major metabolite, hydroxybupropion, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (and likely releasing agent) and nACh receptor antagonist that lacks significant dopaminergic actions, which, with oral bupropion treatment, can reach area under the curve (AUC) plasma concentrations that are as much as 16-20 times greater than those of bupropion itself. As such, it may be more accurate to describe bupropion as a prodrug in humans, and hence, its effects cannot be understood without reference to its metabolism.</p> <p>The occupancy of dopamine transporter (DAT) sites by bupropion and its metabolites in the human brain as measured by positron emission tomography was 26% according to GlaxoSmithKline researchers and 14% in an independent study. Despite this weak DAT occupancy however, a subsequent study looked at the actual extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the human brain after an acute oral treatment of bupropion and failed to observe any increase, concluding that the weak DAT occupancy was not sufficient to increase dopamine levels. In contrast, the same study also looked at dopamine levels in the <i>rat</i> brain after administration of bupropion via intraperitoneal injection and <i>did</i> see an increase, which could have been related to species differences. However, an alternative explanation is that the difference had to do with the different routes of administration employed (i.e., oral vs. i.p.) and the associated differences in pharmacokinetics and metabolism, namely, the bypassing of first-past metabolism with the latter route, that resulted. Although oral bupropion at clinical doses does not appear to have a significant potential for abuse, there are many isolated case reports of bupropion abuse and "cocaine-like" effects in humans who ingested the drug via a non-oral route (e.g., injection, insufflation, etc.). Notably, awareness of the abuse potential of bupropion via non-conventional routes appears to be especially prominent in correctional facilities.</p> <p>Bupropion is also known to act as a non-competitive antagonist of the ?<sub>3</sub>?<sub>2</sub>, ?<sub>3</sub>?<sub>4</sub>, ?<sub>4</sub>?<sub>2</sub>, and, very weakly, ?<sub>7</sub> nACh receptors, and these actions appear to be importantly involved in its beneficial properties not only in smoking cessation, but in depression as well. The metabolites of bupropion also act as non-competitive antagonists of these nACh receptors, and hydroxybupropion is even more potent in comparison.</p> <h3><span id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</span></h3> <p>Bupropion is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2B6. It has several active metabolites: <i>R,R</i>-hydroxybupropion, <i>S,S</i>-hydroxybupropion, <i>threo</i>-hydrobupropion and <i>erythro</i>-hydrobupropion, which are further metabolized to inactive metabolites and eliminated through excretion into the urine. Pharmacological data on bupropion and its metabolites are shown in the table. Bupropion is known to weakly inhibit the ?<sub>1</sub> adrenergic receptor, with a 14% potency of its dopamine uptake inhibition, and the H<sub>1</sub> receptor, with a 9% potency.</p> <p>The biological activity of bupropion can be attributed to a significant degree to its active metabolites, in particular to <i>S,S</i>-hydroxybupropion. GlaxoSmithKline developed this metabolite as a separate drug called radafaxine, but discontinued development in 2006 due to "an unfavourable risk/benefit assessment".</p> <p>Bupropion is metabolized to hydroxybupropion by CYP2B6, an isozyme of the cytochrome P450 system. Alcohol causes an increase of CYP2B6 in the liver, and persons with a history of alcohol use metabolize bupropion faster. Bupropion is metabolized to threo-hydrobupropion via cortisone reductase. The metabolic pathway responsible for the creation of erythro-hydrobupropion remains elusive.</p> <p>The metabolism of bupropion is highly variable: the effective doses of bupropion received by persons who ingest the same amount of the drug may differ by as much as 5.5 times (and the half-life from 3 to 16 hours), and of hydroxybupropion by as much as 7.5 times (and the half-life from 12 to 38 hours). Based on this, some researchers have advocated monitoring of the blood level of bupropion and hydroxybupropion.</p> <p>There are significant interspecies differences in the metabolism of bupropion, with the metabolism in humans being more similar to guinea pigs than to mice and rats.</p> <p>Both bupropion and its primary metabolite hydroxybupropion act in the liver as potent inhibitors of the enzyme CYP2D6, which metabolizes not only bupropion itself but also a variety of other drugs and biologically active substances. This mechanism creates the potential for a variety of drug interactions.</p> <p>There have been two reported cases of false-positive urine amphetamine tests in persons taking bupropion. More specific follow-up tests were negative.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Wellbutrin for Weight Loss | eHow" alt="Wellbutrin for Weight Loss | eHow" src="http://i.ehow.com/images/a06/2j/tg/lose-weight-loss-diet-pills-800x800.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Physical_and_chemical_properties">Physical and chemical properties</span></h2> <h3><span id="Synthesis">Synthesis</span></h3> <p>Bupropion is a substituted cathinone. It is synthesized in two chemical steps starting from 3'-chloro-propiophenone. The alpha position adjacent to the ketone is first brominated followed by nucleophilic displacement of the resulting alpha-bromoketone with <i>t</i>-butylamine and treated with hydrochloric acid to give bupropion as the hydrochloride salt in 75-85% overall yield.<br></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Depression Medications that Cause Weight Loss: Are They Safe?" alt="Depression Medications that Cause Weight Loss: Are They Safe?" src="http://guidedoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/depression-medications-safe.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Bupropion was invented by Nariman Mehta of Burroughs Wellcome (now GlaxoSmithKline) in 1969, and the US patent for it was granted in 1974. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an antidepressant on 30 December 1985, and marketed under the name Wellbutrin. However, a significant incidence of epileptic seizures at the originally recommended dosage caused the withdrawal of the drug in 1986. Subsequently, the risk of seizures was found to be highly dose-dependent, and bupropion was re-introduced to the market in 1989 with a lower maximum recommended daily dose.</p> <p>In 1996, the FDA approved a sustained-release formulation of bupropion called Wellbutrin SR, intended to be taken twice a day (as compared with three times a day for immediate-release Wellbutrin). In 2003, the FDA approved another sustained-release formulation called Wellbutrin XL, intended for once-daily dosing. Wellbutrin SR and XL are available in generic form in the United States and Canada. In Canada, generic XR bupropion is distributed by Mylan. In 1997, bupropion was approved by the FDA for use as a smoking cessation aid under the name Zyban. In 2006, Wellbutrin XL was similarly approved as a treatment for seasonal affective disorder.</p> <p>In April 2008, the FDA approved a formulation of bupropion as a hydrobromide salt instead of a hydrochloride salt, to be sold under the name Aplenzin by Sanofi-Aventis.</p> <h3><span id="Issue_with_generic_bioequivalence">Issue with generic bioequivalence</span></h3> <p>On 11 October 2007, two providers of consumer information on nutritional products and supplements, ConsumerLab.com and The People's Pharmacy, released the results of comparative tests of different brands of bupropion. The People's Pharmacy received multiple reports of increased side effects and decreased efficacy of generic bupropion, which prompted it to ask ConsumerLab.com to test the products in question. The tests showed that "one of a few generic versions of Wellbutrin XL 300 mg, sold as Budeprion XL 300 mg, didn't perform the same as the brand-name pill in the lab." The FDA investigated these complaints and concluded that Budeprion XL is equivalent to Wellbutrin XL in regard to bioavailability of bupropion and its main active metabolite hydroxybupropion. The FDA also said that coincidental natural mood variation is the most likely explanation for the apparent worsening of depression after the switch from Wellbutrin XL to Budeprion XL. On 3 October 2012, however, the FDA reversed this opinion, announcing that "Budeprion XL 300 mg fails to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence to Wellbutrin XL 300 mg." The FDA did not test the bioequivalence of any of the other generic versions of Wellbutrin XL 300 mg, but requested that the four manufacturers submit data on this question to the FDA by March 2013. As of October 2013 the FDA has made determinations on the formulations from some manufacturers not being bioequivalent.</p> <p>In 2012, the U.S. Justice Department announced that GlaxoSmithKline had agreed to plead guilty and pay a $3-billion fine, in part for promoting the unapproved use of Wellbutrin for weight loss and sexual dysfunction.</p> <p>In France, marketing authorization was granted for Zyban on 3 August 2001, with a maximum daily dose of 300 mg; only sustained-release bupropion is available, and only as a smoking cessation aid. Bupropion was granted a licence for use in adults with major depression in the Netherlands in early 2007, with GlaxoSmithKline expecting subsequent approval in other European countries.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Antidepressants do cause weight gain: study - NY Daily News" alt="Antidepressants do cause weight gain: study - NY Daily News" src="http://assets.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1827209!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_1200/2768038jr014-suicide.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</span></h2> <h3><span id="Brand_names">Brand names</span></h3> <p>Bupropion is marketed under many brand names including Aplenzin, Budeprion, Elontril, Wellbutrin, Quomem, Prexaton, Voxra, and Zyban among others.</p> <h3><span id="Recreational_use">Recreational use</span></h3> <p>According to the US government classification of psychiatric medications, bupropion is "non-abusable". However, in animal studies, squirrel monkeys and rats could be induced to self-administer bupropion via the injection route, which is often taken as a sign of addiction potential. There have been a number of anecdotal and case-study reports of bupropion abuse, but the bulk of evidence indicates that the subjective effects of bupropion <i>via the oral route</i> are markedly different from those of addictive stimulants such as cocaine or amphetamine. That said, bupropion, via non-conventional routes of administration (e.g., injection, insufflation), is reported to be abused in the United States and Canada, notably in prisons.</p> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Official Wellbutrin website</li> <li>List of international brand names for bupropion</li> <li>Bupropion at DMOZ</li> <li>Wellbutrin Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Studies, Metabolism - Bupropion - RxList Monographs</li> <li>NAMI Wellbutrin</li> <li>Bupropion article from mentalhealth.com</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1EsieKX">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-24402882817214923242015-07-09T23:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T23:29:10.533-07:00Fenfluramine/phentermine - How To Ask Your Doctor For Weight Loss Pills<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi73RHB1Ej_-2i9HQokksFPsNvMQ2XBdU28QkqAPs6k0ROUFMnAUXZrVLTa-sfRlZ4k3tfJbEYqHCPb1JvhABUQ_NAGNPGUenb7xf1c8mmaByBy8og9iRHnIqp1o4HvHplSYTzEwpK7kTQ/s1600/sdfp-weight-loss-pill.jpg-750534.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi73RHB1Ej_-2i9HQokksFPsNvMQ2XBdU28QkqAPs6k0ROUFMnAUXZrVLTa-sfRlZ4k3tfJbEYqHCPb1JvhABUQ_NAGNPGUenb7xf1c8mmaByBy8og9iRHnIqp1o4HvHplSYTzEwpK7kTQ/s320/sdfp-weight-loss-pill.jpg-750534.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169762409129559138" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_1859"><p>The drug combination <b>fenfluramine/phentermine</b>, usually called <b>fen-phen</b>, was an anti-obesity treatment that utilized two anorectics. Fenfluramine was marketed by American Home Products (later known as Wyeth) as <i>Pondimin</i>, but was shown to cause potentially fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve problems, which eventually led to its withdrawal and legal damages of over $13 billion. Phentermine was not shown to have harmful effects.</p> <p>Fenfluramine acts as a serotonin releasing agent, phentermine as a norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin releasing agent.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="sdfp-weight-loss-pill.jpg" alt="sdfp-weight-loss-pill.jpg" src="http://sandiegofreepress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/sdfp-weight-loss-pill.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Fenfluramine as a single drug was first introduced in the 1970s, but was not popular because it only temporarily reduced weight. A 1984 study found a weight loss of 7.5 kg on average in 24 weeks, as compared to 4.4 kg under placebo. It sold modestly until the 1990s, when it was combined with phentermine and heavily marketed. A similar drug, aminorex, had caused severe lung damage and "provided reason to worry that similar drugs ... could increase the risk of a rare but often fatal lung disease, pulmonary hypertension." In 1994, Wyeth official Fred Wilson expressed concerns about fenfluramine's labeling containing only four cases of pulmonary hypertension when a total of 41 had been observed, but no action was taken until 1996. In 1995, Wyeth introduced dexfenfluramine (the dextro isomer, marketed as <i>Redux</i>), which it hoped would cause fewer adverse effects. However, the medical officer of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Leo Lutwak, insisted upon a black box warning of pulmonary hypertension risks. After Lutwak refused to approve the drug, the FDA management had someone else sign it and approved the drug with no black box warning for marketing in 1996. European regulators required a major warning of pulmonary hypertension risks.</p> <p>In 1996, a paper in the <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i> (NEJM) from the Mayo Clinic discussed clinical findings in 24 patients who had taken fen-phen. The authors noted that their findings suggested a possible correlation between mitral valve dysfunction and the use of these anorectic agents. Later in 1996, a 30-year-old woman developed heart problems after a month of using it; when she died in February 1997, the <i>Boston Herald</i> devoted a front page article to her. The FDA alerted medical doctors that it had received nine additional reports of the same type, and requested all health care professionals to report any such cases to the agency's MedWatch program, or to their respective pharmaceutical manufacturers. The FDA subsequently received over a hundred additional reports of valvular heart disease in patients taking fen-phen, fenfluramine alone or dexfenfluramine alone. The FDA requested that the manufacturers of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine stress the potential risk to the heart in the drugs' labeling and in patient package inserts. As of 1997, the FDA was continuing to receive reports of valvular heart disease in persons who had taken these drugs. This disease typically involves the aortic and mitral valves.</p> <p>After reports of valvular heart disease and pulmonary hypertension, primarily in women who had been undergoing treatment with fen-phen or (dex)fenfluramine, the FDA requested its withdrawal from the market in September 1997.</p> <p>The action was based on findings from doctors who had evaluated patients taking these two drugs with echocardiograms, a procedure that can test the functioning of heart valves. The findings indicated that approximately 30 percent of evaluated patients had abnormal echocardiograms, even though they had no symptoms. This percentage of abnormal test results was much higher than would be expected from a comparatively sized sample of the population who had not been exposed to either fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine.</p> <h3><span id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span></h3> <p>Upon the release of the information regarding fen-phen's cardiac risks, the Association of Trial Lawyers of America formed a large trial lawyer group to seek damages from American Home Products, the distributor of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine.</p> <p>Fen-phen is no longer widely available. In April 2005, <i>American Lawyer</i> magazine ran a cover story on the wave of fen-phen litigation, reporting that more than 50,000 product liability lawsuits had been filed by alleged fen-phen victims. Estimates of total liability ran as high as $14 billion. As of February 2005, Wyeth was still in negotiations with injured parties, offering settlements of $5,000 to $200,000 to some of those who had sued, and stating they might offer more to those who were most seriously injured. One plaintiff's attorney claimed that "the payments [were] not going to be large enough to cover medical expenses." Thousands of injured persons rejected these offers. At the time, Wyeth announced it has set aside $21.1 billion (U.S.) to cover the cost of the lawsuits.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Possible_uses">Possible uses</span></h2> <h3><span id="Obesity">Obesity</span></h3> <p>In 1984, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center reported that they had performed a double-blind, controlled clinical trial comparing phentermine alone, fenfluramine alone, a combination of phentermine and fenfluramine, and placebo, for weight loss in humans. Weight loss in those receiving the fen-phen combination was significantly greater (8.4±1.1 kg) than in those receiving placebo (4.4±0.9 kg) and equivalent to that of those receiving fenfluramine (7.5±1.2 kg) or phentermine alone (10.0±1.2 kg). This amounts to an additional weight loss of 4±2 kg over the course of 24 weeks. Adverse effects were less frequent with the combination regimen than with the other active (non-placebo) treatments. The authors felt that combining fenfluramine and phentermine capitalized on their pharmacodynamic differences, resulting in equivalent weight loss, fewer adverse effects, and better appetite control.</p> <h3><span id="Addiction">Addiction</span></h3> <p>The term fen-phen was coined in 1994 when Pietr Hitzig and Richard B. Rothman reported that this combination could presumptively remit alcohol and cocaine craving. The authors suggested that other combined dopamine and serotonin agonists or precursors might share this therapeutic potential. Subsequent experiments in rats supported these preliminary reports. In 2006 it was confirmed that the combination of phentermine and the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), in place of fenfluramine, significantly decreased alcohol withdrawal seizures in rats.</p> <p>Intramural National Institutes of Health (NIH) double-blind protocols to demonstrate the efficacy of fen-phen in alcohol and cocaine addiction were designed, but never performed.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Kirstie Alley - Weight Loss Programs Wichita Ks | Weight Online ..." alt="Kirstie Alley - Weight Loss Programs Wichita Ks | Weight Online ..." src="http://www.pattayakombatvillage.com/img-muay-thai/robert-weight-loss-program-07-800.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</span></h2> <p>The findings on fen-phen, specifically fenfluramine, causing valvular heart disease and pulmonary hypertension prompted a renewed interest in the deleterious effects of systemic serotonin. It had already been known for decades that two of the major side-effects of the carcinoid syndrome, in which excessive serotonin is produced endogenously, are valvular disease and pulmonary hypertension. Several centers were able to note a relationship to an excessive activation of the serotonin receptor subtype 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight-loss pill Belviq gets the OK from the FDA - NY Daily News" alt="Weight-loss pill Belviq gets the OK from the FDA - NY Daily News" src="http://assets.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1103537!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/article_970/apfda28f-1-web.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="In_Popular_Culture">In Popular Culture</span></h2> <p>Fen-phen is referenced in Season 2, Episode 14 of Arrested Development<br> Fen-phen is also referenced in Season 2, Episode 1 of Scrubs.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Kirstie Alley - Weight Loss Programs Wichita Ks | Weight Online ..." alt="Kirstie Alley - Weight Loss Programs Wichita Ks | Weight Online ..." src="http://titleboxingclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Healthy-Weight-Loss-in-the-New-Year-Ringing-in-the-New-You-With-TITLE-Boxing-Club.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="New weight loss drugs, but no magic pill - CNN.com" alt="New weight loss drugs, but no magic pill - CNN.com" src="http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/130129154711-robert-atkins-super-169.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Frontline</i>: Dangerous prescriptions - Interview with Leo Lutwak, in which he discusses the side effects of fenfluramine (Pondimin), its successor dexfenfluramine (Redux), and the fen-phen combination.</li> <li>U.S. FDA fen-phen information</li> <li><span>Tellier, P. (2001). "Fenfluramines, idiopathic pulmonary primary hypertension and cardiac valve disorders: Facts and artifacts". <i>Annales de medecine interne</i> <b>152</b> (7): 429-436. PMID 11965083.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFenfluramine%2Fphentermine&rft.atitle=Fenfluramines%2C+idiopathic+pulmonary+primary+hypertension+and+cardiac+valve+disorders%3A+Facts+and+artifacts&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.aulast=Tellier&rft.au=Tellier%2C+P.&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11965083&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+medecine+interne&rft.pages=429-436&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=152"><span> </span></span></li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1AA83sX">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine/phentermine">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-64773836298977440162015-07-09T22:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T22:30:10.015-07:00Weight Loss - Www Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzxqAXResecKN0TCkE6HKGamPDUh-K3uEfg4_nYwOcdlOvQRIBC_W8J4yl9mASouk9GZJ9K-EGD5exk3WWY62vMFo4qfpP4CwjeCFdXLjeEiJtd0x4UVe5zus4mHZ7uv06rins2619BwQ/s1600/Exercise+and+weight+loss%253A+the+importance+of+resting+energy+...-710016.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzxqAXResecKN0TCkE6HKGamPDUh-K3uEfg4_nYwOcdlOvQRIBC_W8J4yl9mASouk9GZJ9K-EGD5exk3WWY62vMFo4qfpP4CwjeCFdXLjeEiJtd0x4UVe5zus4mHZ7uv06rins2619BwQ/s320/Exercise+and+weight+loss%253A+the+importance+of+resting+energy+...-710016.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169747201440616594" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_2485"><p><b>Weight loss</b>, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due to malnourishment or an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as <b>slimming</b>.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Exercise and weight loss: the importance of resting energy ..." alt="Exercise and weight loss: the importance of resting energy ..." src="http://www.health.harvard.edu/media/content/images/bigstock-Diet-And-Exercise-1520671.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Unintentional">Unintentional</span></h2> <h3><span id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span></h3> <p>Unintentional weight loss may result from loss of body fats, loss of body fluids, muscle atrophy, or even a combination of these. It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month. Another criterion used for assessing weight that is too low is the body mass index (BMI). However, even lesser amounts of weight loss can be a cause for serious concern in a frail elderly person.</p> <p>Unintentional weight loss can occur because of an inadequately nutritious diet relative to a person's energy needs (generally called malnutrition). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, disease- or treatment-related dietary changes, or reduced appetite associated with a disease or treatment can also cause unintentional weight loss. Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, drug-nutrient interaction, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.</p> <p>Continuing weight loss may deteriorate into wasting, a vaguely defined condition called cachexia. Cachexia differs from starvation in part because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. It is associated with poorer outcomes. In the advanced stages of progressive disease, metabolism can change so that they lose weight even when they are getting what is normally regarded as adequate nutrition and the body cannot compensate. This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help. Symptoms of weight loss from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts, nausea, anemia, weakness and fatigue.</p> <p>Serious weight loss may reduce quality of life, impair treatment effectiveness or recovery, worsen disease processes and be a risk factor for high mortality rates. Malnutrition can affect every function of the human body, from the cells to the most complex body functions, including:</p> <ul><li>immune response;</li> <li>wound healing;</li> <li>muscle strength (including respiratory muscles);</li> <li>renal capacity and depletion leading to water and electrolyte disturbances;</li> <li>thermoregulation; and</li> <li>menstruation.</li> </ul><p>In addition, malnutrition can lead to vitamin and other deficiencies and to inactivity, which in turn may pre-dispose to other problems, such as pressure sores.</p> <p>Unintentional weight loss can be the characteristic leading to diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and type 1 diabetes.</p> <p>In the UK, up to 5% of the general population is underweight, but more than 10% of those with lung or gastrointestinal diseases and who have recently had surgery. According to data in the UK using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), which incorporates unintentional weight loss, more than 10% of the population over the age of 65 is at risk of malnutrition. A high proportion (10-60%) of hospital patients are also at risk, along with a similar proportion in care homes.</p> <h3><span id="Causes">Causes</span></h3> <h4><span id="Disease-related">Disease-related</span></h4> <p>Disease-related malnutrition can be considered in four categories:</p> <p>Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include:</p> <ul><li>As chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) advances, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss called pulmonary cachexia, including diminished muscle mass. Around 25% experience moderate to severe weight loss, and most others have some weight loss. Greater weight loss is associated with poorer prognosis. Theories about contributing factors include appetite loss related to reduced activity, additional energy required for breathing, and the difficulty of eating with dyspnea (labored breathing).</li> <li>Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained (idiopathic) weight loss. About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobilary (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies.</li> <li>People with HIV often experience weight loss, and it is associated with poorer outcomes. Wasting syndrome is an AIDS-defining condition.</li> <li>Gastrointestinal disorders are another common cause of unexplained weight loss - in fact they are the most common non-cancerous cause of idiopathic weight loss. Possible gastrointestinal etiologies of unexplained weight loss include: celiac disease, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), pancreatitis, gastritis, diarrhea and many other GI conditions.</li> <li>Infection. Some infectious diseases can cause weight loss. Fungal illnesses, endocarditis, many parasitic diseases, AIDS, and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss.</li> <li>Renal disease. Patients who have uremia often have poor or absent appetite, vomiting and nausea. This can cause weight loss.</li> <li>Cardiac disease. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss.</li> <li>Connective tissue disease</li> <li>Neurologic disease, including dementia</li> <li>Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.</li> </ul><h4><span id="Therapy-related">Therapy-related</span></h4> <p>Medical treatment can directly or indirectly cause weight loss, impairing treatment effectiveness and recovery that can lead to further weight loss in a vicious cycle.</p> <p>Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after <b>surgery</b>. Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy to wound healing, which increases the body's overall energy requirements. Surgery affects nutritional status indirectly, particularly during the recovery period, as it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery. Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system. Enteral nutrition (tube feeding) is often needed. However a policy of 'nil by mouth' for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit, with some suggestion it might hinder recovery.</p> <p>Early post-operative nutrition is a part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols. These protocols also include carbohydrate loading in the 24 hours before surgery, but earlier nutritional interventions have not been shown to have a significant impact.</p> <p>Some medications can cause weight loss, while others can cause weight gain.</p> <h4><span id="Social_conditions">Social conditions</span></h4> <p>Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and inability to get or prepare preferred foods can cause unintentional weight loss, and this may be particularly common in older people. Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems. Ill-fitting dentures and other dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.</p> <p>Loss of hope, status or social contact and spiritual distress can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Intentional">Intentional</span></h2> <p>Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming.</p> <p>Weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese can reduce health risks, increase fitness, and may delay the onset of diabetes. It could reduce pain and increase movement in people with osteoarthritis of the knee. Weight loss can lead to a reduction in hypertension (high blood pressure), however whether this reduces hypertension-related harm is unclear.</p> <p>Weight loss occurs when the body is expending more energy in work and metabolism than it is absorbing from food or other nutrients. It will then use stored reserves from fat or muscle, gradually leading to weight loss.</p> <p>It is not uncommon for some people who are at their ideal body weight to seek additional weight loss in order to improve athletic performance or meet required weight classification for participation in a sport. Others may be driven to lose weight to achieve an appearance they consider more attractive. Being underweight is associated with health risks such as difficulty fighting off infection, osteoporosis, decreased muscle strength, trouble regulating body temperature and even increased risk of death.</p> <p>According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), healthy individuals seeking to maintain their weight should consume 2,000 calories (8.4 MJ) per day.</p> <p>According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans those who achieve and manage a healthy weight do so most successfully by being careful to consume just enough calories to meet their needs, and being physically active.</p> <p>Low-calorie regimen diets are also referred to as balanced percentage diets. Due to their minimal detrimental effects, these types of diets are most commonly recommended by nutritionists. In addition to restricting calorie intake, a balanced diet also regulates macronutrient consumption. From the total number of allotted daily calories, it is recommended that 55% should come from carbohydrates, 15% from protein, and 30% from fats with no more than 10% of total fat coming from saturated forms. For instance, a recommended 1,200 calorie diet would supply about 660 calories from carbohydrates, 180 from protein, and 360 from fat. Some studies suggest that increased consumption of protein can help ease hunger pangs associated with reduced caloric intake by increasing the feeling of satiety. Calorie restriction in this way has many long-term benefits. After reaching the desired body weight, the calories consumed per day may be increased gradually, without exceeding 2,000 net (i.e. derived by subtracting calories burned by physical activity from calories consumed). Combined with increased physical activity, low-calorie diets are thought to be most effective long-term, unlike crash diets, which can achieve short-term results, at best. Physical activity could greatly enhance the efficiency of a diet. The healthiest weight loss regimen, therefore, is one that consists of a balanced diet and moderate physical activity.</p> <p>Weight gain has been associated with excessive consumption of fats, sugars, carbohydrates in general, and alcohol consumption. Depression, stress or boredom may also contribute to weight increase, and in these cases, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost more than twice as much fat as sleep-deprived dieters.</p> <p>The majority of dieters regain weight over the long term.</p> <h3><span id="Therapeutic_techniques">Therapeutic techniques</span></h3> <p>The least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical activity, generally in the form of exercise. The World Health Organization recommended that people combine a reduction of processed foods high in saturated fats, sugar and salt and caloric content of the diet with an increase in physical activity.</p> <p>An increase in fiber intake is also recommended for regulating bowel movements.</p> <p>Other methods of weight loss include use of drugs and supplements that decrease appetite, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume.</p> <p>Bariatric surgery may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric surgical procedures are gastric bypass and gastric banding. Both can be effective at limiting the intake of food energy by reducing the size of the stomach, but as with any surgical procedure both come with their own risks that should be considered in consultation with a physician.</p> <p>Dietary supplements, though widely used, are not considered a healthy option for weight loss. Many are available, but very few are effective in the long term.</p> <p>Virtual gastric band uses hypnosis to make the brain think the stomach is smaller than it really is and hence lower the amount of food ingested. This brings as a consequence weight reduction. This method is complemented with psychological treatment for anxiety management and with hypnopedia. Research has been conducted into the use of hypnosis as a weight management alternative. In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight reduction if reinforced with hypnosis. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT, a mindfulness approach to weight loss, has also in the last few years been demonstrating its usefulness.</p> <h3><span id="Crash_dieting">Crash dieting</span></h3> <p>A crash diet is the willful restriction of nutritional intake (except water) for more than 12 waking hours. The desired result is for the body to burn fat for energy and thereby lose a significant amount of weight in a short time. Crash dieting can be dangerous to health and this method of weight loss is not recommended by physicians.</p> <p>According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, "If the diet or product sounds too good to be true, it probably is. There are no foods or pills that magically burn fat. No super foods will alter your genetic code. No products will miraculously melt fat while you watch TV or sleep." Certain ingredients in supplements and herbal products can be dangerous and even deadly for some people.</p> <h3><span id="Weight_loss_industry">Weight loss industry</span></h3> <p>There is a substantial market for products which promise to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, DVDs, CDs, cremes, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials, fitness centers, personal coaches, weight loss groups, and food products and supplements.</p> <p>In 2008 between US$33 billion and $55 billion was spent annually in the US on weight-loss products and services, including medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, with weight-loss centers taking between 6 and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. Over $1.6 billion a year was spent on weight-loss supplements. About 70 percent of Americans' dieting attempts are of a self-help nature.</p> <p>In Western Europe, sales of weight-loss products, excluding prescription medications, topped £900 million ($1.4 billion) in 2009.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Lose Weight Fast in Co. Clare â" One to One Weight Loss Service" alt="Lose Weight Fast in Co. Clare â" One to One Weight Loss Service" src="http://www.turntrim.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/weight-loss-girl2.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="woman-man-weight-loss.jpg" alt="woman-man-weight-loss.jpg" src="http://cdn.gymaholic.co/articles/fitness/13-weight-loss/woman-man-weight-loss.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="How To Find Your Weight Loss Tipping Point | Tom Corson-Knowles" alt="How To Find Your Weight Loss Tipping Point | Tom Corson-Knowles" src="http://www.tomcorsonknowles.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Weight-Loss-Tipping-Point.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Weight loss at DMOZ</li> <li>Health benefits of losing weight By IQWiG at PubMed Health</li> <li>Weight-control Information Network U.S. National Institutes of Health</li> <li>Nutrition in cancer care By NCI at PubMed Health</li> <li>Unintentional weight loss</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1ErEWCW">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-57721697059421831642015-07-09T22:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T22:29:10.836-07:00King's Daughters Medical Center - Medical Weight Loss Lexington Ky<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkiSKxnMD1gzcAYFC5RzThyphenhyphenFhlddyR1-c4t91rJWF9RbpbigL07ocTUd4anRrpzR7jAueQ1LBSkpBEEafENE-CHTzGX-u-Sn_FgfPd8I2vKVl6cs-M7GoSNPCbtqLLpV5oGNnjWPYvrBM/s1600/KentuckyOne+Health+-+Find+a+Physician-750836.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkiSKxnMD1gzcAYFC5RzThyphenhyphenFhlddyR1-c4t91rJWF9RbpbigL07ocTUd4anRrpzR7jAueQ1LBSkpBEEafENE-CHTzGX-u-Sn_FgfPd8I2vKVl6cs-M7GoSNPCbtqLLpV5oGNnjWPYvrBM/s320/KentuckyOne+Health+-+Find+a+Physician-750836.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169746945636351634" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_8364"><p><span></span></p> <p><b>King's Daughters Medical Center</b> (<b>KDMC</b>) is located in Ashland, Kentucky and is the city's largest employer at over 4,000 employees, generating more than $155 million in payroll a year. It is a locally controlled, not-for-profit 465-bed hospital that offers "cardiac, medical, surgical, pediatric, rehabilitative, psychiatric, cancer, neurological, pain care, wound care and home care" services.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="KentuckyOne Health - Find a Physician" alt="KentuckyOne Health - Find a Physician" src="https://www.kentuckyonehealth.org/physphoto/Robert_Wilson_MD.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <h3><span id="Early_history">Early history</span></h3> <p>King's Daughters' Hospital opened in 1897 as a three-room emergency hospital over the Poage, Elliott and Poage Drug Store on Winchester Avenue near 16th Street. In 1899, the hospital itself was founded by What-so-ever Circle and moved to a seven-room building at 18th Street and Greenup Avenue. Ten years later, the hospital moved again to a nine-room building between 20th and 21st Street along Winchester Avenue.</p> <p>In 1915, the hospital purchased property at the northeast corner of 22nd Street and Lexington Avenue. Two years later in November, it opened a new 50-bed facility in a two-story brick structure. An expansion in 1930-31 added an east wing, which was expanded again in 1945 and 1953, all to the east.</p> <p>In 1958, that building closed (which is now known as Vincent Apartments), and a new administration building was completed across Lexington Avenue and the remainder of the hospital.</p> <h3><span id="Developing_into_a_modern_facility">Developing into a modern facility</span></h3> <p>In 1963, the hospital began to study plans for a specialized Coronary Care Unit. The hospital expanded in 1965 with a northern extension. In 1967, a 24-hour emergency room was established. One year later, the Coronary Care Unit opens with four private patient rooms and a ten-bed Intensive Care Unit.</p> <p>In 1968, the hospital expanded upon the 1953 extension with a two-story structure; this was expanded upward with an additional two levels in 1984. With the extension, the hospital now stretched from 22nd Street to 23rd Street. One year after the hospital was expanded upon, the Ashland Medical Arts Building was completed in 1969 at the corner of Lexington Avenue and 23rd Street.</p> <p>In 1972, a new emergency room was completed. Six years later, the Cardiac Step Down Unit and Cardiac Rehabilitation opened, followed by the Echocardiology Department in 1981 and the Diabetes Clinic in the following year.</p> <p>The hospital expanded northward again in 1984 to Montgomery Avenue. In 1986, a new 16-bed Intensive Care Unit was completed, followed by the opening of the Cardiac Catheterization Lab one year later. The Cardiac Lab was expanded in 1993 and again in 1994 with the addition of a second laboratory.</p> <p>In 1985, the Tri-State Regional Cancer Center opened adjacent to the Medical Arts Building. In 1988, a new facade and lobby with atrium was completed along Lexington Avenue; the new lobby was constructed within the 1953 addition. During this year, the original 1917 hospital structure was demolished in favor of the Tri-State Diagnostics center.</p> <p>In 1990, a four level parking structure was completed along Lexington Avenue. A medical library and health education center was completed in the lower level of the parking garage in 1992. Three years later, a new 22-bed emergency room was completed along 23rd Street. Three years later, a third Cardiac Lab and a 24-bed Cardiac Surgery Unit was opened.</p> <p>The $32 million <b>Center for Advanced Care</b>, also known as the <i>Parkview Addition</i>, was completed in November 2000. It features a 24-bed Intensive Care Unit, 3 Cardiac Cath Labs bringing the total to five, a Cardiac Cath Lab pre-op and recovery areas, three dedicated Cardiothoracic surgery operating suites, a nine-bed Cardiovascular Recovery Unit, and a rooftop helipad. The Vascular/endovascular program was initiated at this time, the Cardiac Alert Unit was installed in the former Intensive Care Unit and the emergency department expanded to 45 beds. Three years later, Cardiac Alert Unit became a 10-bed Chest Pain Unit, expanding to 18-beds in 2005.</p> <h3><span id="Campus_expansion">Campus expansion</span></h3> <p><b>Medical Plaza A</b>, opened in 1998, and was originally constructed as a three-story building providing room for physician offices, a Wendy's fast-food restaurant, a National City Bank branch and a cafe. It was expanded in 2002 to five stories, and in 2003 the Outpatient Surgery Center opened on the building's third floor.</p> <p>In 2000, a new five-story structure was completed along 23rd Street that provided new patient rooms, surgery facilities and Intensive Care Unit. The <b>Center for Advanced Care</b> features the hospital's new main entrance and the Parkview Cafe.</p> <p>The 526-space parking structure at the corner of 23rd Street and Bath Avenue was completed and opened on March 22, 2005. The $5.5 million five-story facility can be utilized by patients, visitors, physicians and employees.</p> <p>In the summer of 2005, the $2.3 million 12,000 sq ft (1,100 m<sup>2</sup>). <b>Hospitality House</b> at King's Daughters opened at the corner of 22nd Street and Central Avenue. Providing 13 guest rooms, a kitchen, dining area, living space and a reception area for those that are from out-of-town. It is styled to resemble a contemporary house and is adjacent to the northeast corner of Central Park. It celebrated its 1,000th family on February 6, 2007.</p> <p>On May 3, 2005, <b>Medical Plaza B</b>, a four-story, 77,000 sq ft (7,200 m<sup>2</sup>). facility that houses 14 physician offices, the Surgical Weight Loss Center and a pharmacy opened. It is connected via a sky bridge to the 23rd Street Parking Garage.</p> <p>On May 8, 2006, a new $60 million 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m<sup>2</sup>)., five-story <b>Heart and Vascular Center</b> opened along 23rd Street. Envisioned as a three-story $43.5 million facility, a rising demand in services relating to cardiac and heart care necessitated the expansion of the hospital while it was under construction. It features a "cardiac rehabilitation unit, a therapy pool, administrative offices, admitting and pre-admission testing areas, a chest pain unit, patient rooms for stress testing, outpatient diagnostic testing and procedures, cardiac catheterization laboratories and vascular surgery suites and beds."</p> <p>On June 5, 2006, a new $2.3 million two-story 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m<sup>2</sup>). <b>Center for Advanced Imaging</b> opened along Central Avenue adjacent to the Hospitality House at a cost of $13.3 million. Construction began in October 2005 and was designed to free up space in the existing hospital complex for inpatient and emergency radiology. The center is home to outpatient radiology, MRI, CT scans, mammograms, ultrasounds and X-rays; part of the second floor is dedicated to breast care. The completion of the Outpatient Imaging Center was the last component of a four-building, $70 million expansion that was announced in 2004.</p> <p>The hospital also features an <b>Outpatient Services Center</b> on 23rd Street, where audiology services, physical, occupational and speech therapy is offered.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Union_Representation">Union Representation</span></h2> <p>The Service and Maintenance employees at King's Daughters Medical Center have been represented by the Service Employees International Union/District 1199 WV/KY/OH since 1980. The union currently represents approximately 600 employees in various classifications including: Central Supply Aides, Laboratory Clerks, Home Health Clerks, Maintenance Department Employees, Medical Records Clerks, Dietary Employees, Environmental Services Employees, and Respiratory Aides. The current Collective Bargaining Agreement expires in November, 2013.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="gsk-respiratory-inhalers-29692.jpg" alt="gsk-respiratory-inhalers-29692.jpg" src="http://www.iowatracs.us/images/gsk-respiratory-inhalers-29692.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Today">Today</span></h2> <p>The hospital ranks fourth in the state of Kentucky in admissions and with number of employees at 4,100, making it the largest employer between Lexington and Charleston, West Virginia. It has been named one of America's top employers from 2002 to 2006 and was a recipient of the <i>Commonwealth of Kentucky Quality Award</i> from 2000 to 2002. It was also named one of the nation's Top 100 Hospitals by <i>Solucient</i> from 2005 to 2008, and was also named as one of the "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers" by <i>Working Mother Magazine</i> from 2003 to 2005.</p> <p>The Chest Pain Unit also received accreditation in 2004 from the <i>Society of Chest Pain Centers</i>, making it the third such facility in Kentucky and the 78th in the United States. It is also ranked number one in the state and among the top 5% in the nation for cardiac surgery and is the recipient of HealthGrades <i>2007 Cardiac Surgery Excellence Award.</i></p> <p>King's Daughters Medical Center went live with the Epic electronic medical record system in November 2008.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="KentuckyOne Health - Find a Physician" alt="KentuckyOne Health - Find a Physician" src="https://www.kentuckyonehealth.org/physphoto/Parks,%20Gregory.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss Service Lexington KY | Body Shapes Medical | Photos" alt="Weight Loss Service Lexington KY | Body Shapes Medical | Photos" src="http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-UcECtlq_PwE/VVZtU-o1OxI/AAAAAAAAAIw/D66FBniXs_g/s1024/302877_466692713408502_1995346102_n.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>King's Daughters Medical Center</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1HnKujH">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King's_Daughters_Medical_Center">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-80225152017485924012015-07-09T21:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T21:30:09.676-07:00Anti-obesity Medication - What Is A Good Weight Loss Pill<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyTdCeUR4sQ99kGzM2pDAe9h_z4JSBdub4pZNsfL3hQhNjm3Lo36pDk0BpTU4E8FB_ZO-71LHd9QbNn5nhgLkoFK9HlALCFyGMqyscFNl0ClTwu2Nfjiq74_oKCncdsCI9GhrequWTWIQ/s1600/article-0-12011EF1000005DC-443+...-709677.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyTdCeUR4sQ99kGzM2pDAe9h_z4JSBdub4pZNsfL3hQhNjm3Lo36pDk0BpTU4E8FB_ZO-71LHd9QbNn5nhgLkoFK9HlALCFyGMqyscFNl0ClTwu2Nfjiq74_oKCncdsCI9GhrequWTWIQ/s320/article-0-12011EF1000005DC-443+...-709677.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169731735101869986" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_7205"><p><b>Anti-obesity medication</b> or weight loss drugs are all pharmacological agents that reduce or control weight. These drugs alter one of the fundamental processes of the human body, weight regulation, by altering either appetite, or absorption of calories. The main treatment modalities for overweight and obese individuals remain dieting and physical exercise.</p> <p>In the United States only one anti-obesity medication orlistat (Xenical) is currently approved by the FDA for long term use. It reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Rimonabant (Acomplia), a second drug, works via a specific blockade of the endocannabinoid system. It has been developed from the knowledge that cannabis smokers often experience hunger, which is often referred to as "the munchies". It had been approved in Europe for the treatment of obesity but has not received approval in the United States or Canada due to safety concerns. The European Medicines Agency in October 2008 recommended the suspension of the sale of rimonabant as the risks seem to be greater than the benefits. Sibutramine (Meridia), which acts in the brain to inhibit deactivation of the neurotransmitters, thereby decreasing appetite was withdrawn from the United States and Canadian markets in October 2010 due to cardiovascular concerns.</p> <p>Because of potential side effects, it is recommended that anti-obesity drugs only be prescribed for obesity where it is hoped that the benefits of the treatment outweigh its risks.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="article-0-12011EF1000005DC-443 ..." alt="article-0-12011EF1000005DC-443 ..." src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/03/02/article-0-12011EF1000005DC-443_634x935.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Mechanisms_of_action">Mechanisms of action</span></h2> <p>Current and potential anti-obesity drugs may operate through one or more of the following mechanisms:</p> <ul><li>Appetite suppression-Catecholamines and their derivatives (such as phentermine and other amphetamine-based drugs) are the main tools used for this, although other classes of drugs such as anti-depressants and mood stabilizers have been anecdotally used for appetite suppression (see: bupropion and topiramate). Drugs blocking the cannabinoid receptors may be a future strategy for appetite suppression.</li> <li>Increase of the body's metabolism.</li> <li>Interference with the body's ability to absorb specific nutrients in food. For example, Orlistat (also known as Xenical and Alli) blocks fat breakdown and thereby prevents fat absorption. The OTC fiber supplements glucomannan and guar gum have been used for the purpose of inhibiting digestion and lowering caloric absorption</li> </ul><p>Anorectics are primarily intended to suppress the appetite, but most of the drugs in this class also act as stimulants (e.g., dexedrine), and patients have abused drugs "off label" to suppress appetite (e.g. digoxin).</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>The first described attempts at producing weight loss are those of Soranus of Ephesus, a Greek physician, in the second century AD. He prescribed elixirs of laxatives and purgatives, as well as heat, massage, and exercise. This remained the mainstay of treatment for well over a thousand years. It was not until the 1920s and 1930s that new treatments began to appear. Based on its effectiveness for hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone became a popular treatment for obesity in euthyroid people. It had a modest effect but produced the symptoms of hyperthyroidism as a side effect, such as palpitations and difficulty sleeping. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) was introduced in 1933; this worked by uncoupling the biological process of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, causing them to produce heat instead of ATP. The most significant side effect was a sensation of warmth, frequently with sweating. Overdose, although rare, lead to a rise in body temperature and, ultimately, fatal hyperthermia. By the end of 1938 DNP had fallen out of use because the FDA had become empowered to put pressure on manufacturers, who voluntarily withdrew it from the market.</p> <p>Amphetamines (marketed as Benzedrine) became popular for weight loss during the late 1930s. They worked primarily by suppressing appetite, and had other beneficial effects such as increased alertness. Use of amphetamines increased over the subsequent decades, including Obetrol and culminating in the "rainbow pill" regime. This was a combination of multiple pills, all thought to help with weight loss, taken throughout the day. Typical regimens included stimulants, such as amphetamines, as well as thyroid hormone, diuretics, digitalis, laxatives, and often a barbiturate to suppress the side effects of the stimulants. In 1967/1968 a number of deaths attributed to diet pills triggered a Senate investigation and the gradual implementation of greater restrictions on the market. This culminating in 1979 with the FDA banning the use of amphetamines, then the most effective of the diet drugs, in diet pills.</p> <p>Meanwhile, phentermine had been FDA approved in 1959 and fenfluramine in 1973. The two were no more popular than other drugs until in 1992 a researcher reported that when combined the two caused a 10% weight loss which was maintained for more than two years. <i>Fen-phen</i> was born and rapidly became the most commonly prescribed diet medication. Dexfenfluramine (Redux) was developed in the mid-1990s as an alternative to fenfluramine with less side-effects, and received regulatory approval in 1996. However, this coincided with mounting evidence that the combination could cause valvular heart disease in up to 30% of those who had taken it, leading to withdrawal of Fen-phen and dexfenfluramine from the market in September 1997.</p> <p>Ephedra was removed from the US market in 2004 over concerns that it raises blood pressure and could lead to strokes and death.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Lose Weight by Ballooning Up With New Pill - ABC News" alt="Lose Weight by Ballooning Up With New Pill - ABC News" src="http://a.abcnews.com/images/Health/HT_Obalon_Gastric_Balloon_Treatment_ml_140312_16x9_992.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Contemporary_anti-obesity_drugs">Contemporary anti-obesity drugs</span></h2> <p>Some patients find that diet and exercise is not a viable option; for these patients, anti-obesity drugs can be a last resort. Some prescription weight loss drugs are stimulants, which are recommended only for short-term use, and thus are of limited usefulness for extremely obese patients, who may need to reduce weight over months or years.</p> <h3><span id="Orlistat">Orlistat</span></h3> <p>Orlistat (Xenical) reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Some side-effects of using Orlistat include frequent, oily bowel movements (steatorrhea). But if fat in the diet is reduced, symptoms often improve. Originally available only by prescription, it was approved by the FDA for over-the-counter sale in February 2007. On 26 May 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a revised label for Xenical to include new safety information about cases of severe liver injury that have been reported rarely with the use of this medication. Of the 40 million users of Orlistat worldwide, 13 cases of severe liver damage have been reported.</p> <h3><span id="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</span></h3> <p>Lorcaserin (Belviq) was approved June 28, 2012 for obesity with other co-morbidities. The average weight loss by study participants was modest, but the most common side effects of the drug are considered benign.</p> <p>An excerpt from the Bloom 1 Study conducted by Arena Pharmaceuticals and later submitted for FDA approval:</p> <blockquote> <p>At the end of Year 1 of the BLOOM trial, using Intent-to-Treat with Last Observation Carried Forward analysis (ITT-LOCF), the proportion of patients achieving at least 5% body weight loss in the lorcaserin group (47.5%) was more than twice that achieved by the placebo group (20.3%). Nearly three times as many patients achieved at least 10% weight loss in the lorcaserin group (22.6%) than in the placebo group (7.7%). Lorcaserin patients who completed the first year of the trial according to the protocol lost an average of 8.2% of their baseline weight, or approximately 18 pounds, at the end of Year 1 as compared to approximately 7 pounds in the placebo group. In Year 2, patients who continued to take lorcaserin were significantly better able to maintain their Year 1 weight loss than those who were switched to placebo.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>In Year 1, lorcaserin caused significant decreases in waist circumference, BMI, glycemic parameters, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels compared to placebo. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels at Year 1 were significantly lower in the lorcaserin group than in the placebo group. Lorcaserin did not increase heart rate or blood pressure; rather, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure decreased slightly but significantly with lorcaserin treatment compared to placebo. Quality of life, measured by the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite questionnaire, improved in both treatment groups, with a greater improvement in the lorcaserin group than in the placebo group.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>At the end of Year 1, 55.4% of patients in the lorcaserin group and 45.1% of patients in the placebo group remained enrolled in the study, and 7.1% and 6.7% of patients, respectively, discontinued the study due to an adverse event. Among the most frequent adverse events reported with lorcaserin were headache (18.0% vs. 11.0%, lorcaserin vs. placebo); dizziness (8.2% vs. 3.8%); and nausea (7.5% vs. 5.4%). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in both treatment groups. The rates of depression and the incidence of anxiety and suicidal thoughts were low in both treatment groups. Lorcaserin caused no significant increase compared to placebo in the incidence of new cardiac valvulopathy.</p> </blockquote> <h3><span id="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</span></h3> <p>Sibutramine (Reductil or Meridia) is an anorectic or appetite suppressant, reducing the desire to eat. Sibutramine may increase blood pressure and may cause dry mouth, constipation, headache, and insomnia.</p> <p>In the past, it was noted by the US that Meridia was a harmless drug for fighting obesity. The US District Court of the Northern District of Ohio rejected 113 cases complaining about the negative effects of the drug, stating that the clients lacked supporting facts and that the representatives involved were not qualified enough.</p> <p>Sibutramine has been withdrawn from the market in the United States, the UK, the EU, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong and Colombia. Its risks (non-life-threatening myocardial infarction and stroke) have been shown to outweigh the benefits.</p> <h3><span id="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</span></h3> <p>Rimonabant (Acomplia) is a recently developed anti-obesity medication. It is a cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist that acts centrally on the brain thus decreasing appetite. It may also act peripherally by increasing thermogenesis and therefore increasing energy expenditure.</p> <p>Weight loss with Rimonabant however has not been shown to be greater than other available weight-loss medication. Due to safety concerns, primarily psychiatric in nature, the drug has not received approval in the United States or Canada, either as an anti-obesity treatment or as a smoking-cessation drug.</p> <p>Sanofi-Aventis has received approval to market Rimonabant as a prescription anti-obesity drug in the European Union, subject to some restrictions. However, in October 2008, the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) recommended that Acomplia no longer be available in UK. One month later, Sanofi-Aventis decided it would no longer study rimonabant for any indication.</p> <h3><span id="Metformin">Metformin</span></h3> <p>In people with Diabetes mellitus type 2, the drug metformin (Glucophage) can reduce weight. Metformin limits the amount of glucose that is produced by the liver as well as increases muscle consumption of glucose. It also helps in increasing our body's response to insulin.</p> <h3><span id="Exenatide">Exenatide</span></h3> <p>Exenatide (Byetta) is a long-acting analogue of the hormone GLP-1, which the intestines secrete in response to the presence of food. Among other effects, GLP-1 delays gastric emptying and promotes a feeling of satiety. Some obese people are deficient in GLP-1, and dieting reduces GLP-1 further. Byetta is currently available as a treatment for Diabetes mellitus type 2. Some, but not all, patients find that they lose substantial weight when taking Byetta. Drawbacks of Byetta include that it must be injected subcutaneously twice daily, and that it causes severe nausea in some patients, especially when therapy is initiated. Byetta is recommended only for patients with Type 2 Diabetes. A somewhat similar drug, Symlin, is currently available for treating diabetes and is in testing for treating obesity in non-diabetics.</p> <h3><span id="Pramlintide">Pramlintide</span></h3> <p>Pramlintide (Symlin) is a synthetic analogue of the hormone Amylin, which in normal people is secreted by the pancreas in response to eating. Among other effects, Amylin delays gastric emptying and promotes a feeling of satiety. Many diabetics are deficient in Amylin. Currently, Symlin is only approved to be used along with insulin by Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics. However, Symlin is currently being tested in non-diabetics as a treatment for obesity. A drawback is that Symlin must be injected at mealtimes.</p> <h3><span id="Other_drugs">Other drugs</span></h3> <p>Other weight loss drugs have also been associated with medical complications, such as fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage due to Redux and Fen-phen, and hemorrhagic stroke due phenylpropanolamine. Many of these substances are related to amphetamine.</p> <p>Unresearched nonprescription products or programs for weight loss are heavily promoted by mail and print advertising and on the internet. The US Food and Drug Administration recommends caution with use of these products, since many of the claims of safety and effectiveness are unsubstantiated. Individuals with anorexia nervosa and some athletes try to control body weight with laxatives, diet pills or diuretic drugs, although these generally have no impact on body fat. Products that work as a laxative can cause the blood's potassium level to drop, which may cause heart and/or muscle problems. Pyruvate is a popular product that may result in a small amount of weight loss. However, pyruvate, which is found in red apples, cheese, and red wine, has not been thoroughly studied and its weight loss potential has not been scientifically established.</p> <h3><span id="Phentermine.2Ftopiramate">Phentermine/topiramate</span></h3> <p>The combination of phentermine and topiramate, brand name Qsymia (formerly Qnexa) was approved by the U.S. FDA on July 17, 2012, as an obestity treatment complementary to a diet and exercise regimen.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Body weight loss medicine - Weight loss treatments - uptodate" alt="Body weight loss medicine - Weight loss treatments - uptodate" src="http://americaunitedsecurity.com/image/552063569aa09.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</span></h2> <p>Some supplements and alternative medicine have insufficient evidence to support or oppose their use.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Inspirational woman who charted eight stone weight loss online has ..." alt="Inspirational woman who charted eight stone weight loss online has ..." src="http://i3.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article5294858.ece/ALTERNATES/s1023/MAIN-Lara-Kelly.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Side_effects">Side effects</span></h2> <p>Some anti-obesity drugs can have severe, even, lethal side effects, fen-phen being a famous example. Fen-phen was reported through the FDA to cause abnormal echocardiograms, heart valve problems, and rare valvular diseases. One of, if not the first, to sound alarms was Sir Arthur MacNalty, Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom). As early as the 1930s, he warned against the use of dinitrophenol as an anti-obesity medication and the injudicious and/or medically unsupervised use of thyroid hormone to achieve weight reduction. The side effects are often associated with the medication's mechanism of action. In general, stimulants carry a risk of high blood pressure, faster heart rate, palpitations, closed-angle glaucoma, drug addiction, restlessness, agitation, and insomnia.</p> <p>Another drug, orlistat, blocks absorption of dietary fats, and as a result may cause oily spotting bowel movements (steatorrhea), oily stools, stomach pain, and flatulence. A similar medication designed for patients with Type 2 diabetes is Acarbose; which partially blocks absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine, and produces similar side effects including stomach pain and flatulence.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="supplements-1024x640.jpg" alt="supplements-1024x640.jpg" src="http://www.gymsguide.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/supplements-1024x640.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Limitations_of_current_knowledge">Limitations of current knowledge</span></h2> <p>The limitation of drugs for obesity is that we do not fully understand the neural basis of appetite and how to modulate it. Appetite is clearly a very important instinct to promote survival. Arguably any drug that would abolish appetite may carry a high mortality risk and may be unsuitable for clinical use.</p> <p>Because the human body uses various chemicals and hormones to protect its stores of fat (a reaction probably useful to our ancestors when food was scarce in the past,) there has not yet been found a 'silver bullet', or a way to completely circumvent this natural habit of protecting excess food stores. Because of this, anti-obesity drugs are not presently a practical long-term solution for people who are overweight.</p> <p>In order to circumvent the number of feedback mechanisms that prevent most monotherapies from producing sustained large amounts of weight loss, it has been hypothesized that combinations of drugs may be more effective by targeting multiple pathways and possibly inhibiting feedback pathways that work to cause a plateau in weight loss. This was evidenced by the success of the combination of phentermine and fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine, popularly referred to phen-fen, in producing significant weight loss but fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine were pulled from the market due to safety fears regarding a potential link to heart valve damage. The damage was found to be a result of activity of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine at the 5-HT2B serotonin receptor in heart valves. Newer combinations of SSRIs and phentermine, known as phenpro, have been used with equal efficiency as fenphen with no known heart valve damage due to lack of activity at this particular serotonin receptor due to SSRIs. There has been a recent resurgence in combination therapy clinical development with the development of 3 combinations: Qsymia (topiramate + phentermine), Empatic (bupropion + zonisamide) and Contrave (bupropion + naltrexone).</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Nouvelle Sante: Sibutramine tainted Best Slim 40 Pills; Heart ..." alt="Nouvelle Sante: Sibutramine tainted Best Slim 40 Pills; Heart ..." src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaqKP3nKeeH_S_qFeJWtBc4vQlgVJVxINaDzzEJEs7XOufS-93gQWkV6bcSZafKx97zcmM2UzQ2zEqywoJClhQUgDh223ifKHl3VqApgRkOJ8NACDslRXdUxqbzvJav8-lgr-UI7EZOxc/s1600/bestslim40pills.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Future_developments">Future developments</span></h2> <p>Other classes of drugs in development include lipase inhibitors, similar to orlistat. Another lipase inhibitor, called GT 389-255, was being developed by Peptimmune (licensed from Genzyme). This was a novel combination of an inhibitor and a polymer designed to bind the undigested triglycerides therefore allowing increased fat expulsion without side effects such as oily stools that occur with orlistat. The development stalled as Phase 1 trials were conducted in 2004 and there was no further human clinical development afterward. In 2011, Peptimmune filed for Chapter 7 Liquidation.</p> <p>Another potential long-term approach to anti-obesity medication is through the development of ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi). Animal studies have illustrated that the deletion of the RIP140 gene in mice by genetic knockdown results in the lack of fat accumulation, even when mice are fed a high fat diet. Similarly, another nuclear hormone receptor co-repressor, SMRT, has demonstrated an opposing effect in genetically engineered mice. Dr. Russell Nofsinger and Dr. Ronald Evans of the Salk Institute showed that disruption of the molecular interaction between SMRT and their nuclear hormone receptor partners leads to increased adiposity and a decreased metabolic rate. These studies suggest that new drugs targeting the molecular interaction between nuclear hormone receptors and their regulatory cofactors could provide a useful new category of therapeutic targets to be developed in an effort to control obesity.</p> <p>Another approach is to induce a sense of satiety by occupying space in the gastric and intestinal cavities. One clinical trial involves a hydrogel (Gelesis) made of indigestible, food-grade materials. Another pilot study uses pseudobezoars.</p> <p>Other drugs in clinical trials as of October 2009 include Cetilistat and TM38837.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight-loss pill Belviq gets the OK from the FDA - NY Daily News" alt="Weight-loss pill Belviq gets the OK from the FDA - NY Daily News" src="http://assets.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1103537!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/article_970/apfda28f-1-web.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li>Weight loss effects of water</li> </ul> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <p><span>Boss, Olivier; Karl G. Hofbauer (2004). <i>Pharmacotherapy of obesity: options and alternatives</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-30321-4.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-obesity+medication&rft.au=Boss%2C+Olivier%3B+Karl+G.+Hofbauer&rft.aulast=Boss%2C+Olivier%3B+Karl+G.+Hofbauer&rft.btitle=Pharmacotherapy+of+obesity%3A+options+and+alternatives&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-30321-4&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></p> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Prescription Medications for the Treatment of Obesity</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1Eszdg8">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-19831372096962430172015-07-09T21:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T21:29:08.635-07:00Aspen Education Group - Oregon Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihZlGFwJ5cQXpmdYBZmK0ahLVg2dXdZUUpwjwop2W6choQKas0HsCBhIehzJn56wU9jkfCZibpESMmqDwq7zzWB_5Y2J-4yi-_w89FL41w7MRQ6iXQYPVG41B4qFlooZLAAVUb-ifrlw0/s1600/Weight-loss+surgery+is+the+best+solution+to+lifelong+obesity+...-748636.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihZlGFwJ5cQXpmdYBZmK0ahLVg2dXdZUUpwjwop2W6choQKas0HsCBhIehzJn56wU9jkfCZibpESMmqDwq7zzWB_5Y2J-4yi-_w89FL41w7MRQ6iXQYPVG41B4qFlooZLAAVUb-ifrlw0/s320/Weight-loss+surgery+is+the+best+solution+to+lifelong+obesity+...-748636.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169731475912591282" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_2568"><p><b>Aspen Education Group</b> is an American company that provides therapeutic interventions for adolescents and young adults, including wilderness therapy programs, residential treatment centers, therapeutic boarding schools, and weight loss programs. Since November 2006, Aspen Education Group, with corporate offices located in Cerritos, California has been a division of Bain Capital's CRC Health Group, based in Cupertino, California.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight-loss surgery is the best solution to lifelong obesity ..." alt="Weight-loss surgery is the best solution to lifelong obesity ..." src="http://media.oregonlive.com/health_impact/photo/orange3jpg-b25513302a139039.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Aspen Education Group, Inc. was formed in December 1997 as a spin-off of College Health Enterprises. In 1998, Aspen was reported to have annual revenues of $28 million. That same year, the Sprout Group and Frazier Healthcare Ventures of Seattle purchased major interests in the company. In 2002, Aspen obtained an investment of $15 million from Warburg Pincus and $48 million or more in loans from CapitalSource and Caltius Mezzanine. For 2006, it projected revenue of $150 million. In late 2006, Bain Capital acquired Aspen Education Group for $300 million. Private equity investors were attracted to the business because, unlike most educational companies, its revenue comes from payments by private individuals rather than from government sources. In 2005, the <i>New York Times</i> reported that analysts estimated that companies like Aspen had profits between 10 and 20 percent of their revenues.</p> <p>In the 2009 timeframe Aspen closed six programs. In March 2011, Aspen announced its intention to close five programs and consolidate three others citing "reduced demand for therapeutic schools and programs in today's economy". The closed programs include Bromley Brook School, New Leaf Academy of Oregon, NorthStar Center, Aspen Ranch and SunHawk Adolescent Recovery Center. In addition the program at Aspen Achievement Academy merged into Outback Therapeutic Expeditions. Youth Care of Utah merged into Island View Residential Treatment Center, and Passages to Recovery moved to the SUWS Adolescent Program to expand the services offered there. In July 2013, Aspen announced that five of its programs (Academy at Swift River, Stone Mountain School, Talisman Academy, Adirondack Leadership Expeditions, and SUWS Adolescent & Youth Programs of Idaho) would close later that summer.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Programs">Programs</span></h2> <h3><span id="Active">Active</span></h3> <p>Active programs are listed in the table below, sortable by name, type or location. Most programs are members of the National Association of Therapeutic Schools and Programs (NATSAP); several have additional affiliations, such as the National Association of Therapeutic Wilderness Camping.</p> <h3><span id="Closed">Closed</span></h3> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Chiropractor | Bend Oregon | Acupuncture | Massage | Nutrition" alt="Chiropractor | Bend Oregon | Acupuncture | Massage | Nutrition" src="http://www.chiropractorsbend.com/img/001%20(3).jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Controversy">Controversy</span></h2> <p>The Aspen Education Group has been the target of criticism related to the large revenues its programs generate, the lack of government regulation in the troubled teen industry, and the charge that the provider takes advantage of parents in desperate situations. Several lawsuits have been filed against the Aspen Education Group alleging emotional, physical, and sexual abuse of students at programs owned by Aspen.</p> <h3><span id="Complaints_of_abuse_and_torture_in_Aspen_programs">Complaints of abuse and torture in Aspen programs</span></h3> <p>In 2009, the state of Oregon shut down two teen programs run by Aspen. State investigators found nine cases of abuse and neglect at Mount Bachelor Academy, including incidents of "sexualized role play," in which teenage girls were allegedly forced to give lap dances during therapy sessions. Because Mount Bachelor and its director threatened costly lawsuits, Oregon's Department of Human Services softened the language of the report. Aspen claims the allegations were false.</p> <p>In a lawsuit filed in 2011, 17 former students of Mount Bachelor Academy allege claims for intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress, battery, breach of contract and negligence arising out of their treatment at the therapeutic boarding school. Aspen Education Group is among the defendants in the litigation. The plaintiffs seek a total of $26.0 million in the abuse lawsuit.</p> <p>Two more suits were filed in November 2011 and January 2013, respectively, by 14 former and 13 former students, respectively, also alleging abuse. A total of $23 million in relief in the second suit and a total of $19.5 million in relief in the third suit. Aspen, also among the defendants in these two suits, intends to vigorously defend the pending lawsuits.</p> <p>In 2009, neglect led to the death of a teen at the SageWalk wilderness program owned by Aspen. 16-year-old Sergey Blashchishen died of heatstroke on his very first school hike. One summer morning, the boy suited up in an 80-pound backpack; by afternoon, the heat had topped 80 degrees, and he was soon staggering, drifting off the trail, and complaining of dizziness and exhaustion. Staffers thought he was faking his symptoms and failed to call 911 until his pulse had stopped; that death is the focus of a negligent homicide investigation.</p> <p>In 2014, a mother sued Bain Capital, Aspen Education Group, Aspen Institute of Behavioral Assessment, the Harris County Office of Human Resources and Risk Management, Guardians of Hope and two people, in Federal Court, claiming that her teenage daughter was taken from Texas by a human trafficker and locked up at a secret "private prison" in Utah, where she was made to perform "mindless tasks of blind obedience."</p> <p>In 2010, a mother and her son sued Aspen alleging that while the son was a student at a boarding school owned by Aspen, Cedars Academy, he was sexually assaulted and threatened by a fellow student. The same year, an action was brought against Aspen by a former student at a program owned by Aspen alleging that in July 2006, while in Utah, she engaged in an inappropriate sexual relationship with a former shift-supervisor at Aspen Ranch.</p> <p>In 2008, a 16-year-old girl enrolled at the Bromley Brook School became involved in a sexual relationship with teacher Steven Peters. The girl asserted administrators knowingly ignored the signs of an inappropriate relationship, failed to take action once the relationship was confirmed by numerous students, and were uncooperative with criminal investigations of the teacher. During the investigation, a counselor at the school admitted she was aware of inappropriate behavior by the teacher for some time and reported the information to both the counseling director and the academic director, but no disciplinary action or further investigation was taken by Bromley Brook School or its staff. The 40-year-old teacher subsequently pled guilty to sexual exploitation of a minor.</p> <p>On August 1, 2011, the girl and her father filed suit against CRC Health Group, Aspen, the school and employees. The plaintiffs claimed the defendants were negligent, careless and reckless in their hiring, training and supervision of the teacher, their care, supervision and treatment of the girl, and in their failure to properly investigate and report the misconduct allegations. The father asserted the boarding school breached its contract with him by failing to provide a safe educational environment and proper treatment, and failing to properly investigate and disclose the teacher's sexual misconduct. The plaintiffs further asserted Aspen and the other defendants were vicariously liable for the actions and negligence of their employees. The plaintiffs also asserted Aspen's and the school's failure to provide a proper education to the girl, a disabled person under federal law, violated the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C.S. $ S 12181 et seq. The plaintiffs asserted an assault claim against the teacher as well. The father and daughter sought compensatory and punitive damages, attorney's fees, and costs of suit. A settlement was reached with Aspen and the other parties, and the case was dismissed on June 25, 2012.</p> <p>In 2004, a 14-year-old boy died at Aspen's Lone State Expeditions wilderness program. During the program, Matthew Meyer and his group hiked several miles in 90-degree weather. A combination of excessive heat, a constrictive uniform, and Matthew's obesity caused his body to overheat. He suffered a condition called hyperthermia, which is the most severe form of heatstroke and requires immediate medical attention. His mother, Crystal Manganaro, says "his body was literally burning up from the inside." But instead of taking the boy's situation seriously, program staffers admitted in a deposition they thought Matthew was joking. His complaints of numbness in his legs were ignored. They told him he was having an anxiety attack when he experienced shortness of breath. Then they dumped water on him after he vomited and collapsed on the ground. Matthew Meyer died an hour later at the hospital. Because camp administrators would not tell the boy's mother what happened to her son, it took three and a half years of investigation and litigation to reveal the truth. In 2006, a wrongful death lawsuit was brought against Aspen Education Group over the incident. Aspen later settled the case out of court.</p> <p>In 2012, a mother sued Aspen Education Group alleging that her daughter was "tortured" at Turn About Ranch, Aspen's residential treatment center in Escalante, Utah. The complaint alleged that staff at the residential treatment center subjected the 15-year-old girl to hours of stress positions, threats of suffocation, exposure to animal abuse and regular public humiliation. On December 11, 2013, the case was dismissed under the two-year statute of limitations that applies for claims involving a health care provider.</p> <p>In April 2014, a mother claimed in court that her teenage daughter was taken from Texas by a human trafficker and locked up at a secret "private prison" in Utah, where she was made to perform "mindless tasks of blind obedience." The complaint states that "[o]nce confined, no contact with the outside world is allowed, except with the persons transferring custody to the prison. Contact with family members or friends is not allowed, and even contact with the family member or agency that transferred full and complete custody to the prison is monitored, and the inmate knows that any disparaging remark or complaint about the prison will be punished by a loss of all privileges earned, meaning having to start at the bottom all over again to rise from level to level by successfully completing mindless tasks of blind obedience."</p> <p>In January 2014, Aspen Education Group was accused of "slavery", "abuse", and "false imprisonment" in a lawsuit by the family of a teenage girl who claims she was berated on television by Dr. Phil and then sent to a residential treatment center owned by Aspen where she was falsely imprisoned, filed a civil complaint in federal court. The girl and her mother appeared on the "Dr. Phil" show in February 2013. In the episode, the teen admitted to having sex with adult men she met online, which the family called "bizarre and dangerous conduct" in their lawsuit. To help the family, Dr. Phil then paid for the daughter to enroll at Aspen's Island View Residential Treatment Center. In their suit, the family calls the facility a "private prison" where their daughter was deprived her of freedom, privacy, education, and subjected to "involuntary servitude, and unjust unusual punishments." In one incident, the daughter apparently refused to obey staff members who told her to get off of her bed. When staff members tried to pull her off, her right arm "was badly and perhaps irreparably broken, and its main nerve severely damaged," the lawsuit states. The family also claims the teenage girl's constitutional rights were violated and she was falsely imprisoned, as well as conspiracy and fraud.</p> <p>In 2013, the <i>New York Post</i> former students of Copper Canyon Academy, which is owned by Aspen, describe confrontational and humiliating tactics, such as being forced to re-enact traumatic experiences, including rape, in front of their classmates. Former students of CCA surveyed at CCASurvivors.com describe experiences of torment, abuse and intentional medical neglect resulting in lifelong struggles with symptoms of PTSD.</p> <h3><span id="Corporate_culture">Corporate culture</span></h3> <h3><span id="Cost">Cost</span></h3> <p>With the cost of Aspen programs ranging from $200-$500 per day (amounting to $73,000 - $182,000 annually), and length of stays averaging from one month to two years, monetary concerns tend to arise for those funding treatment.</p> <h3><span id="Deceptive_marketing_practices">Deceptive marketing practices</span></h3> <p>Educational consultant Tom Croke has criticized Aspen for its marketing practices and for closing programs without sufficient regard for the harm done to students whose promised services were being disrupted. In a blog posting first published in May 2010, he expressed "grave reservations" about referring clients to Aspen programs in view of the company's loss of key staff and its record of abruptly closing programs. He noted, however, that in its 2011 program closures, Aspen had "been somewhat more careful about transitioning the affected residents of the facilities being closed," and that he was continuing to consider Aspen programs for some clients. Yet in April 2014, he provided an updated review on Aspen and again expressed on his website that he "cannot be confident that their facilities will not compromise the best interests of patients/ clients in order to increase earnings." His website cautioned "families not to enroll in their sons and daughters in the longer term former Aspen Schools and programs without adding a contractual provision that gives the family financial recourse in case of closing before the needs of their son or daughter have been met." As for schools and programs that are no longer owned by Aspen, he included that [f]amilies should not hold the Aspen name against those schools and programs." </p> <p>The Wellspring diet has been criticized by some lay observers. Wellspring is no longer Aspen owned. It has been sold to an organization known as "RiverMend." </p> <h3><span id="Lack_of_oversight">Lack of oversight</span></h3> <p>Aspen's troubled teen programs are not regulated by the federal government, and many are not subject to state licensing or monitoring as mental health or educational facilities, either.</p> <p>Mental health and government officials have argued that the current regulation of adolescent private treatment programs like Aspen's is inadequate to ensure lawful treatment practices for youth populations under the age of 18.</p> <h3><span id="Treatment_research_lacks_good_science">Treatment research lacks good science</span></h3> <p>Two reports are widely cited in Aspen program marketing and promotional materials: Report of Findings from a Multi-Center Study of Youth Outcomes in Private Residential Treatment (Aug 2006) and A Multi-Center, Longitudinal Study of Youth Outcomes in Private Residential Treatment Programs (April 2007; not publicly available, summary of select findings available via marketing materials). A conflict of interest exists, because Aspen funded the studies and owns the programs in them.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Gym Clackamas Oregon | Body Renew Northwest" alt="Gym Clackamas Oregon | Body Renew Northwest" src="http://bodyrenewnorthwest.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/brzumba.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="In_news_and_popular_culture">In news and popular culture</span></h2> <p>Several Aspen Educational Group programs have been featured in the media:</p> <ul><li>An article in the UK <i>Sunday Mirror</i> described the experiences of a teenage girl from England who attended Aspen Achievement Academy.</li> </ul><ul><li>The British television series "I Know What You Ate Last Summer" featured six obese teenagers attending Wellspring in California.</li> </ul><ul><li>The British TV documentary <i>Britain's Youngest Boozers</i>, broadcast October 25, 2005 featured the Aspen program SUWS of the Carolinas.</li> </ul><ul><li>Aspen Achievement Academy was featured in the third episode (February 8, 2006) and SUWS in the fourth episode (October 4, 2006) of the UK reality TV show <i>Brat Camp</i>.</li> </ul><ul><li>SageWalk (not yet owned by Aspen when aired) was featured in the American version of <i>Brat Camp</i>.</li> </ul><ul><li>Aspen Education programs have been featured multiple times on the <i>Dr. Phil</i> show in the United States.</li> </ul><ul><li>Passages to Recovery and NorthStar Center were featured on A&E Television Network's documentary series "Intervention".</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight-loss surgery is the best solution to lifelong obesity ..." alt="Weight-loss surgery is the best solution to lifelong obesity ..." src="http://media.oregonlive.com/health_impact/photo/orange1jpg-ae1ac5c34ccb7458.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="weight-loss-11.jpg" alt="weight-loss-11.jpg" src="http://www.guns.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/weight-loss-11.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Aspen Education Group official website</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1AJ1Ivr">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Education_Group">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-27646453543654227302015-07-09T20:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T20:30:07.107-07:00Green Tea - Best Slimming Tea For Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSSv9vJR8Q5sWpP7_hXSu472R8yWhFI6bySbPDrrNkbAw42EEouJ8UgXhoNtq92oGsMprrcpTdrnl9p2I6SoLYpbNkRouAYFOGEJsZC5e8LKeFVyIpMQ10b6SNWkWrihIE7tqUGptUaAc/s1600/Konjac+Best+Slimming+Tea+For+Weight+Loss+-+Buy+Konjac+Slimming+Tea+...-707108.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSSv9vJR8Q5sWpP7_hXSu472R8yWhFI6bySbPDrrNkbAw42EEouJ8UgXhoNtq92oGsMprrcpTdrnl9p2I6SoLYpbNkRouAYFOGEJsZC5e8LKeFVyIpMQ10b6SNWkWrihIE7tqUGptUaAc/s320/Konjac+Best+Slimming+Tea+For+Weight+Loss+-+Buy+Konjac+Slimming+Tea+...-707108.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169716264573846546" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_7156"><p><b>Green tea</b> is made from the leaves from <i>Camellia sinensis</i> that have undergone minimal oxidation during processing. Green tea originated in China, but it has become associated with many cultures throughout Asia. Green tea has recently become relatively widespread in the Western World where black tea has been traditionally consumed.</p> <p>Green tea has become the raw material for extracts used in various beverages, dietary supplements, and cosmetic items. Many varieties of green tea have been created in the countries where it is grown. These varieties can differ substantially due to variable growing conditions, horticulture, production processing, and harvesting time.</p> <p>Many claims have been made for the beneficial health effects of green tea consumption, but they have generally not been borne out by scientific investigation; excessive consumption is associated with some harmful health effects but moderate, regular consumption is safe.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Konjac Best Slimming Tea For Weight Loss - Buy Konjac Slimming Tea ..." alt="Konjac Best Slimming Tea For Weight Loss - Buy Konjac Slimming Tea ..." src="http://i01.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/60115860373_1/konjac_best_slimming_tea_for_weight_loss.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Tea consumption has its legendary origins in China dating back to more than 4,000 years ago, making it the oldest herbal tea known. Green tea was first brewed in 2737 BC during the reign of Emperor Shennong.</p> <p>A book written by Lu Yu in 600-900 AD (Tang Dynasty), "Tea Classic" (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans" xml:lang="zh-Hans">??</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant" xml:lang="zh-Hant">??</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin" xml:lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">cháj?ng</span></i>), is considered important in green tea history. The <i>Kissa Yojoki</i> (????? <i>Book of Tea</i>), written by Zen priest Eisai in 1191, describes how drinking green tea may affect five vital organs, the shapes of tea plants, flowers and leaves, and how to grow and process tea leaves.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Brewing_and_serving">Brewing and serving</span></h2> <p>Steeping is the process of making a cup of tea; it is also referred to as brewing. In general, two grams of tea per 100 ml of water, or about one teaspoon of green tea per five-ounce (150 ml) cup, should be used. With very high-quality teas like gyokuro, more than this amount of leaf is used, and the leaf is steeped multiple times for short durations.</p> <p>Green tea steeping time and temperature varies with different tea. The hottest steeping temperatures are 81 to 87 °C (178 to 189 °F) water and the longest steeping times two to three minutes. The coolest brewing temperatures are 61 to 69 °C (142 to 156 °F) and the shortest times about 30 seconds. In general, lower-quality green teas are steeped hotter and longer, whereas higher-quality teas are steeped cooler and shorter. Steeping green tea too hot or too long will result in a bitter, astringent brew, regardless of the initial quality, because it will result in the release of an excessive amount of tannins. High-quality green teas can be and usually are steeped multiple times; two or three steepings is typical. The steeping technique also plays a very important role in avoiding the tea developing an overcooked taste. The container in which the tea is steeped or teapot should also be warmed beforehand so that the tea does not immediately cool down. It is common practice for tea leaf to be left in the cup or pot and for hot water to be added as the tea is drunk until the flavor degrades.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="100% Pure Green Tea Essence Lose Weight Loss Slimming & Detox Body ..." alt="100% Pure Green Tea Essence Lose Weight Loss Slimming & Detox Body ..." src="http://i01.i.aliimg.com/wsphoto/v0/32234585267_3/100-Pure-Green-Tea-Essence-Lose-Weight-Loss-Slimming-Detox-Body-Soap-Fat-Burn-Effective-slim.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Varieties_of_green_tea">Varieties of green tea</span></h2> <h3><span id="Chinese_green_tea">Chinese green tea</span></h3> <p>Green tea is the most popular form of tea in China. Chinese green teas are made from over 600 different cultivars of the <i>Camellia sinensis</i> plant, giving plenty of variety and regional teas. Chinese green teas are traditionally pan-fired, unlike the Japanese steaming process. Other processes in China include oven-dried and sun-dried. Due to the different production process, Chinese teas are said to have a more "earthy" taste than Japanese teas.</p> <ul><li>Zhejiang Province is home to the most famous of all teas, Xi Hu Longjing (????), as well as many other high-quality green teas.</li> </ul><ul><li><b>????? Huiming</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Kaihua Longding</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Hua Ding</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Qing Ding</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Gunpowder</b></li> </ul></dd> </dl><ul><li>Jiangsu Province</li> </ul> <ul><li><b>????? Rain Flower</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Que She (Tongue of golden altar sparrow)</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? White Cloud</b></li> </ul></dd> </dl> <ul><li>Fujian Province is known for mountain-grown organic green tea as well as white tea and oolong tea. The coastal mountains provide a perfect growing environment for tea growing. Green tea is picked in spring and summer seasons.</li> </ul><ul><li><b>?? Mao Feng tea</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>?? Cui Jian</b></li> </ul></dd> </dl><ul><li>Hubei Province</li> </ul></dd> </dl><ul><li>Henan Province</li> </ul> </dd> </dl><ul><li>Jiangxi Province</li> </ul><ul><li><b>?? Gou Gu Nao</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>?? Yun Wu</b></li> </ul></dd> </dl><ul><li>Anhui Province is home to several varieties of tea, including three Chinese famous teas. These are:</li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Huangshan Maofeng</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Liuan Leaf</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>?? Hou Kui</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>?? Tun Lu</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>?? Huo Qing</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>??? Wuliqing</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>Hyson</b></li> </ul></dd> </dl><ul><li>Sichuan Province</li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Meng Ding Gan Lu</b></li> </ul><ul><li><b>???? Baimei Green Tea</b></li> </ul></dd> </dl><ul><li>Shaanxi Province</li> </ul></dd> </dl><h3><span id="Japanese_green_tea">Japanese green tea</span></h3> <p>Green tea <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">??</span><span>,</span> <i>Ryokucha</i>)</span> is ubiquitous in Japan and is commonly known simply as "tea" <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">??</span><span>,</span> <i>ocha</i>)</span>. Tea was first used in China, and was brought to Japan by My?an Eisai, a Japanese Buddhist priest who also introduced the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism. Teas from Japan may be referred to as "Japanese tea" <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">???</span><span>,</span> <i>nihoncha</i>)</span>.</p> <p>Japanese green tea is made from the Yabukita (???) cultivar of the camellia sinensis plant. Unlike Chinese green teas which are pan-fired, Japanese green teas are steamed giving them a more "vegetative" or "leafy" taste. The exception is h?jicha, a Japanese roasted tea. Japanese green teas are categorized by the age of the leaves: young leaves are called <i>sench</i> and the more mature, larger leaves are called <i>bancha</i>. Types of tea are commonly graded depending on the quality and the parts of the plant used as well as how they are processed. There are large variations in both price and quality within these broad categories, and there are many green teas that fall outside this spectrum. The best Japanese green tea is said to be from the Yame <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">??</span><span>,</span> <i>yame</i>)</span> region of Fukuoka Prefecture and from the Uji region of Kyoto. Uji has been producing Ujicha (Uji tea) for four hundred years, pre-dating the prefecture system. It is now a combination of the border regions of Shiga, Nara, Kyoto, and Mie prefectures. Shizuoka Prefecture produces 40 percent of raw tea leaf.</p> <ul><li><i><b>Sencha</b></i> <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">??</span>, decocted tea)</span></li> </ul></dd> </dl><ul><li><i><b>Gyokuro</b></i> <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">??</span>, Jade Dew)</span></li> </ul><ul><li><i><b>Kabusecha</b></i> <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">??</span>, covered tea)</span></li> </ul><ul><li><i><b>Tamaryokucha</b></i> <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">???</span>, lit. ball green tea)</span></li> </ul><ul><li><i><b>Bancha</b></i> <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">??</span>, coarse tea)</span></li> </ul><ul><li><i><b>Kamairicha</b></i> <span>(<span lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">???</span>, pan-fired tea)</span></li> </ul><ul><li>By-product of Sencha or Gyokuro</li> </ul></dd> </dl></dd> </dl></dd> </dl><ul><li>Other</li> </ul></dd> </dl></dd> </dl></dd> </dl></dd> </dl></dd> </dl></dd> </dl></dd> </dl><h3><span id="Other_green_teas">Other green teas</span></h3> <ul><li>Green tea from Ceylon</li> <li>Kahwah</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss Green Tea Lipton | Search Results | Best Weight Loss ..." alt="Weight Loss Green Tea Lipton | Search Results | Best Weight Loss ..." src="http://gaby.fachrul.com/img/gainweightfastd/image-green-tea-weight-loss/from-green-tea-to-matcha-tea-through-to-a-whole-range-of-healthy766-x-766-227-kb-jpeg-x.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Research_and_health_effects">Research and health effects</span></h2> <p>Green tea contains a variety of enzymes, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, sterols, related compounds, dietary minerals, and phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavanols, and caffeine. Polyphenols found in green tea include but are not limited to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin; flavanols such as kaempferol, quercetin, and myricitin are also found in green tea. Numerous claims have been made for the health benefits of green tea based on its chemical composition, <i>in vitro studies</i>, animal studies, and human epidemiological studies. Preliminary research on many of these claims is promising, but many also require further study to evaluate. In 2011 a panel of scientists published a report on green tea's claimed health effects at the request of the European commission: in general they found that the claims made for green tea were not supported by good scientific evidence. Although the mean content of flavonoids and catechins in a cup of green tea is higher than that in the same volume of other food and drink items that are traditionally considered to promote health, flavonoids and catechins have no proven biological effect in humans.</p> <h3><span id="Cancer">Cancer</span></h3> <p>There is no conclusive evidence that green tea helps to prevent or treat cancer in people. A review of existing studies concluded that while suggestive evidence existed, it did not amount to a clear indication of benefit.</p> <p>Meta-analyses in 2014 found limited evidence that green tea consumption may be associated with a slightly lower risk of esophageal cancer in the Chinese population, a lower risk of lung cancer in women, and a lower risk of oral cancer in Asian people. Another analysis of observational data conducted in 2012 suggested that green tea consumption may have a favorable effect on lung cancer risk. The observed effect was strongest in those who consumed more than seven cups of green tea daily. In 2011, a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies found limited evidence that green tea consumption may be associated with a moderately reduced risk of liver cancer in Chinese and Japanese people.</p> <p>In contrast, separate 2014 meta-analyses found limited evidence that green tea consumption is not associated with the risk of developing pancreatic cancer or prostate cancer. The link between green tea consumption and stomach cancer risk is unclear due to inconsistent evidence.</p> <p>Green tea interferes with the chemotherapy drug bortezomib (Velcade) and other boronic acid-based proteasome inhibitors, and should be avoided by people taking these medications.</p> <h3><span id="Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</span></h3> <p>Green tea consumption may be associated with a reduced risk of stroke. A 2013 Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials concluded that green tea consumption for 3-6 months appears to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures a small amount (about 3 mmHg each). Additional analyses examining the effects of long-term green tea consumption on blood pressure have reached similar conclusions.</p> <h3><span id="Glycemic_control">Glycemic control</span></h3> <p>Two meta-analyses concluded that drinking green tea lowers fasting blood sugar, but the effect of green tea consumption on hemoglobin A1c and fasting insulin levels was inconsistent.</p> <h3><span id="Hyperlipidemia">Hyperlipidemia</span></h3> <p>A 2011 meta-analysis of 14 short-term randomized controlled trials concluded that consumption of green tea or green tea supplements decreases the blood concentration of total cholesterol (about 7 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (about 2 mg/dL), and had no effect on the concentration of HDL cholesterol. A 2013 Cochrane review performed a meta-analysis of longer-term randomized controlled trials (>3 months duration) and concluded that green tea consumption lowers total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the blood.</p> <h3><span id="Weight_loss">Weight loss</span></h3> <p>There is no conclusive evidence that green tea aids in weight loss for obese people.</p> <h3><span id="Toxicity">Toxicity</span></h3> <p>Moderate, regular, and habitual consumption of green tea is safe; however, there are reports of liver toxicity in humans after consuming high doses (10-29 mg/kg/day) of green tea extract dietary supplements. High doses of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an abundant catechin found in green tea, have also been found to cause oxidative stress in mice and in vitro.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Compare Prices on Slim Fit Tea- Online Shopping/Buy Low Price Slim ..." alt="Compare Prices on Slim Fit Tea- Online Shopping/Buy Low Price Slim ..." src="http://i01.i.aliimg.com/wsphoto/v0/1999242747_1/best-quality-keeping-font-b-fit-b-font-weight-lose-font-b-slimming-b-font-font.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Production">Production</span></h2> <h3><span id="Growing.2C_harvesting_and_processing">Growing, harvesting and processing</span></h3> <p>Green tea is processed and grown in a variety of ways, depending on the type of green tea desired. As a result of these methods, maximum amounts of polyphenols and volatile organic compounds are retained, affecting aroma and taste. The growing conditions can be broken down into two basic types - those grown in the sun and those grown under the shade. The green tea plants are grown in rows that are pruned to produce shoots in a regular manner, and in general are harvested three times per year. The first flush takes place in late April to early May. The second harvest usually takes place from June through July, and the third picking takes place in late July to early August. Sometimes, there will also be a fourth harvest. It is the first flush in the spring that brings the best-quality leaves, with higher prices to match.</p> <p>Green tea is processed using either artisanal or modern methods. Sun-drying, basket or charcoal firing, or pan-firing are common artisanal methods. Oven-drying, tumbling, or steaming are common modern methods. Processed green teas, known as <i>aracha</i> are stored under low humidity refrigeration in 30- or 60-kilogram paper bags at 0-5 °C (32-41 °F). This aracha has yet to be refined at this stage, with a final firing taking place before blending, selection, and packaging takes place. The leaves in this state will be re-fired throughout the year as they are needed, giving the green teas a longer shelf-life and better flavor. The first flush tea of May will readily store in this fashion until the next year's harvest. After this re-drying process, each crude tea will be sifted and graded according to size. Finally, each lot will be blended according to the blend order by the tasters and packed for sale.</p> <h3><span id="Production_by_country">Production by country</span></h3> <h3><span id="Import_of_Japanese_tea">Import of Japanese tea</span></h3> <p>On 17 June 2011, radioactive cesium of 1,038 becquerels per kilogram was detected at Charles de Gaulle airport in France in tea leaves imported from Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, which was more than twice as much as the restricted amount of 500 becquerels per kilogram designated by the European Union, and the government of France announced that they rejected the tea leaves, which amounted to 162 kilograms (357 lb). The governor of Shizuoka Prefecture Heita Kawakatsu stated that "there is absolutely no problem when they [people] drink them because it will be diluted to about ten becquerels per kilogram when they steep them even if the leaves have 1,000 becquerels per kilogram," which was a consequence of own examinations of the prefecture. Minister for Consumer Affairs and Food Safety Renh? stated on 3 June 2011, that "there are cases in which <i>aracha</i> are sold as <i>furikake</i> [condiments sprinkled on rice] and so on and they are eaten as they are, therefore we think that it is important to inspect tea leaves including aracha from the viewpoint of consumers' safety."</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="China Slim-Vie Slimming Capsule, The World Best Diet Pills - China ..." alt="China Slim-Vie Slimming Capsule, The World Best Diet Pills - China ..." src="http://image.made-in-china.com/45f3j00BEaTlQJnVtUv/Slim-Vie-Slimming-Capsule-The-World-Best-Diet-Pills.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Tea diet. Red Goji" alt="Tea diet. Red Goji" src="http://img.21food.com/img/product/2011/8/5/herbalteasupplier-18090370.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Fruit Flavor Konjac Slimming Tea/health Weight Loss Beverage - Buy ..." alt="Fruit Flavor Konjac Slimming Tea/health Weight Loss Beverage - Buy ..." src="http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/60132555772_1/fruit_flavor_konjac_slimming_tea_health_weight.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <ul><li><span>"Green tea (Chinese tea)". Cancer Research UK. 7 January 2013<span>. Retrieved December 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+tea&rft.btitle=Green+tea+%28Chinese+tea%29&rft.date=7+January+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fabout-cancer%2Fcancers-in-general%2Ftreatment%2Fcomplementary-alternative%2Ftherapies%2Fgreen-tea&rft.pub=Cancer+Research+UK&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>"Green tea: the elixir of life or just hype?". NHS Choices. 12 June 2013<span>. Retrieved December 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+tea&rft.btitle=Green+tea%3A+the+elixir+of+life+or+just+hype%3F&rft.date=12+June+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2FLivewell%2Fsuperfoods%2FPages%2Fis-green-tea-a-superfood.aspx&rft.pub=NHS+Choices&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li> <li>Evans, John C. <i>Tea in China: The History of China's National Drink.</i> Greenwood Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-313-28049-8</li> <li>Lam, K.C./Lam, K.S. <i>The Way of Tea: The Sublime Art of Oriental Tea Drinking.</i> Barron's Educational Series, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7641-1968-2</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Natural-Lingzhi-Herbal-Detox- ..." alt="Natural-Lingzhi-Herbal-Detox- ..." src="http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00oBJQzgpMrmqv/Natural-Lingzhi-Herbal-Detox-Tea-Slimming-Tea-HT002CY-.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Green Tea (an overview from the University of Maryland Medical Center)</li> <li>NCCIH - Green Tea Side Effects and Cautions (From the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health)</li> <li>WebMD review about the health benefits of green tea</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1EvUaH3">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-47312234841080472262015-07-09T20:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T20:29:08.973-07:00Richard Simmons - Weight Loss New Orleans<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1-Ta5EGOkabb8_9dZBq8yYGjTYNDvLA7pT9OTtWDsbdpuwhbRrBm8x-_BRvOR2R4pPB0YtyrQR_teuxgsVQRLQRqW7DvgigGAlb5R3rOLfpBRM2hr8L8GyxE1ZZMajuD0TKRQw34UZ-4/s1600/Before+and+After+-+TruVision+Health+Weight+Loss+-+Order+Here+Best+...-748974.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1-Ta5EGOkabb8_9dZBq8yYGjTYNDvLA7pT9OTtWDsbdpuwhbRrBm8x-_BRvOR2R4pPB0YtyrQR_teuxgsVQRLQRqW7DvgigGAlb5R3rOLfpBRM2hr8L8GyxE1ZZMajuD0TKRQw34UZ-4/s320/Before+and+After+-+TruVision+Health+Weight+Loss+-+Order+Here+Best+...-748974.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169716015222125202" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_6397"><p><b>Milton Teagle Simmons</b> (born July 12, 1948), better known as <b>Richard Simmons</b>, is an American fitness personality and actor. Simmons promotes weight-loss programs, prominently through his <i>Sweatin' to the Oldies</i> line of aerobics videos and is known for his eccentric, flamboyant, and energetic personality.</p> <p>Simmons began his weight-loss career by opening a gym called Slimmons in Beverly Hills, California, catering to the overweight, and he became widely known through exposure on television and through the popularity of his consumer products. He is often parodied and is a frequent guest of late night television talk shows, such as the <i>Late Show with David Letterman</i>. Simmons continues to promote health and has broadened his activities to include political activism, notably in support of a bill mandating non-competitive physical education in public schools as a part of the "No Child Left Behind" Act.</p> <p></p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Before and After - TruVision Health Weight Loss - Order Here Best ..." alt="Before and After - TruVision Health Weight Loss - Order Here Best ..." src="http://tru.vision/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/TruVision-Health-Weight-Loss-New-Orleans.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Early_life"><span>1</span> Early life</span></h2> <p>Simmons was born Milton Teagle Simmons in New Orleans, Louisiana on July 12, 1948, the son of Shirley May (née Satin) and Leonard Douglas Simmons, Sr. Simmons was born to show business parents and raised in the French Quarter of New Orleans. His father was Episcopalian and his mother Jewish; Simmons later converted to Catholicism and attended Cor Jesu High School, known today as Brother Martin High School. He was obese throughout his adolescence and by the time he graduated from high school, he weighed 268 pounds. As a young man, he considered being a priest. In an interview with the <i>Tampa Bay Times</i>, Simmons explained he adopted the name "Richard" after an uncle who paid for his college tuition.</p> <p>His first job in New Orleans was selling pralines at Leah's. After starting college at the University of Southwestern Louisiana, he transferred to Florida State University. While enrolled there, he studied as an exchange student in Florence, Italy. He graduated with a BA in Art. After graduation, Simmons moved to New York City where he worked in advertising, as a waiter, and for cosmetics companies Revlon and Coty Cosmetics.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Fitness_career"><span>2</span> Fitness career</span></h2> <p>Simmons had an uncredited appearance in <i>Fellini Satyricon</i> which was released in 1969 showing him as obese.</p> <p>Upon moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s, Simmons worked as the Maître d'hotel at Derek's, a restaurant in Beverly Hills. He developed an interest in fitness, but was dissatisfied with the unhealthy fad diet methods and the established gyms and exercise studios of the day which favored the already fit customer. It was his interest in fitness that helped him lose 123 lb (56 kg).</p> <p>Simmons later opened his own exercise studio, originally called <i>The Anatomy Asylum</i>, where emphasis was placed on healthy eating in proper portions and enjoyable exercise in a supportive atmosphere. He opened the studio with the help and support of his business partner Edwin Colon Jr. The business originally included a salad bar restaurant called "Ruffage," the name a pun on the word <i>roughage</i> (dietary fiber), though it was eventually removed as the focus of the <i>Asylum</i> shifted solely to exercise. Now called <i>Slimmons</i>, the establishment continues operations in Beverly Hills, and Simmons teaches motivational classes and aerobics throughout the week.</p> <p>Simmons stated in 2010 that he had kept off his own 100+ pound weight loss for 42 years, had been helping others lose weight for 35 years, and that in the course of his fitness career had helped humanity lose approximately 12,000,000 pounds. Simmons now uses the web as a method of outreach by running his own membership based website, and also indicates on his home page that he has established official pages on numerous social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and YouTube.</p> <h3><span id="In_media"><span>2.1</span> In media</span></h3> <p>Simmons began to draw media attention due to the success of his health club that began with him on the television show <i>Real People</i> where he was shown at work. He introduced customers whom he had helped to lose weight. He later made guest roles on the celebrity game shows: <i>Battlestars</i>; <i>Body Language</i>; <i>Super Password</i>; <i>Win, Lose or Draw</i>; the ABC version of <i>Match Game</i>; the syndicated version of <i>Hollywood Squares</i>; and Nickelodeon's <i>Figure It Out</i>.</p> <p>Positive viewer reaction landed Simmons a recurring role as himself on the American soap opera <i>General Hospital</i>, over a four-year period. This in turn led to further media notoriety, as well as being in shopping malls, where he taught exercise classes. In the early 1980s, Simmons hosted two shows; <i>Slim Cookin</i>, and an Emmy Award-winning talk show, <i>The Richard Simmons Show</i>, in which he focused on personal health, fitness, exercise, and healthy cooking. "The Richard Simmons Show" drew thousands of exercise enthusiasts including SAG/AFTRA actress Lucrecia Sarita Russo who reportedly transported an entire bus filled with ladies from Pam's Figure Tique, for a lively workout on the show.</p> <p>In 1998, Simmons voiced Boone the elf in the animated film <i>Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie</i>.</p> <p>Simmons has been featured as himself on numerous TV shows, including <i>Whose Line Is It Anyway?</i>, <i>CHiPs</i>, <i>Saturday Night Live</i>, <i>The Larry Sanders Show</i> and on an episode of <i>Arrested Development</i>, "Bringing Up Buster". In 1999, he hosted a short lived TV show called <i>DreamMaker</i>. Eight years later he filmed a pledge drive special for PBS, called <i>Love Yourself and Win</i>.</p> <p>Simmons has been featured in TV advertisements for Sprint, Yoplait, Herbal Essence Shampoos,and toward the end of 2007, he was in a "This is SportsCenter" commercial on ESPN as the show's "conditioning coach." In Canada, Simmons was in an advertisement for Simmons mattresses. The mattress company hired the exercise celebrity because of the similarity in name, and for his appeal to the company's target audience of women over 35. Beyond this, there is no further business partnership between the two.</p> <p>For three years, he hosted a radio show on Sirius Stars, Sirius Satellite Radio channel 102, called <i>Lighten Up with Richard Simmons</i>. The show is no longer in production.</p> <ul><li>Simmons was a guest on <i>Rosie O'Donnell Show</i> on November 18, 1997 together with Celine Dion.</li> <li>Simmons played himself in Steven Spielberg's 1986 <i>Amazing Stories</i> Season 1: Episode 10 ("Remote Control Man").</li> <li>Simmons was a frequent guest on <i>The Howard Stern Show</i> in the 1980s and 1990s. The two had a brief friendship off the air, which both Richard and Howard discussed several times on air. While he resolved at one point to refuse future involvement after Stern insulted him one too many times, he returned to the Stern show on November 16, 2006, then returned again January 24, 2012, and September 24, 2013.</li> <li>Simmons was also a frequent guest on <i>Late Night with David Letterman</i> (NBC) and the <i>Late Show with David Letterman</i> (CBS). On November 22, 2000, they had a falling out after an incident that occurred on that night's show. Simmons (while dressed as a turkey) was sprayed in the face by Letterman with a fire extinguisher after Simmons grabbed Letterman as if to hug or kiss him, causing Simmons to have a severe asthma attack. Simmons did not attend the Letterman show for six years, finally returning on November 29, 2006. During that time, Letterman once again set Simmons up for a prank. While Richard Simmons was demonstrating a steamer branded with his name, Letterman insisted on placing a tray under the steamer which Simmons did not believe belonged there. When Simmons turned the steamer on, something in the tray exploded and caught fire, sending Simmons running for his life. Despite the scare, Simmons took the incident in fairly good nature, even joking that he "felt like Michael Jackson" (referring to a mishap where Jackson's hair was set on fire by a pyrotechnics accident).</li> <li>Simmons was a guest on the U.S. version of <i>Whose Line Is It Anyway?</i></li> <li>Simmons is on tracks 1 and 10 of Bob Rivers's 1997 holiday album <i>More Twisted Christmas</i>.</li> <li>Simmons has multiple times been on <i>The Glenn Beck Program</i> on HLN.</li> <li>Simmons is featured heavily in the film clip of 'Hawker Boat' by Tobacco, taken from the album <i>Fucked Up Friends</i>.</li> <li>Simmons provides the voice for Coach Salmons, a reoccurring character modeled after his own likeness, for Disney Channel's animated television series <i>Fish Hooks</i>, a Disney Channel Original Series that premiered on September 24, 2010. On December 8, 2010, it was announced that the show has been picked up for a second season. Fish Hooks ended after three seasons.</li> <li>In 2011, Simmons starred in "Fit to Fly with Richard Simmons", an Air New Zealand inflight safety briefing video modeled after his aerobic workouts.</li> <li>In 2012, he was in a Canadian commercial for Telus wireless phone.</li> <li>In 2013, he appeared on <i>Extreme Weight Loss</i> as a surprise guest, leading a workout with the contestants.</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Boomtown New Orleans | My PNK" alt="Boomtown New Orleans | My PNK" src="http://mypnkonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/DSC04846.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Personal_life"><span>3</span> Personal life</span></h2> <h3><span id="Personality"><span>3.1</span> Personality</span></h3> <p>Simmons is noted for his energetic, motivational demeanor, an attribute he uses to help encourage people to lose weight. His high energy level is always featured in his workout videos. His trademark attire is candy-striped Dolfin shorts and tank tops decorated with Swarovski crystals.</p> <p>Simmons is known for interacting at a personal level with people using his products. This began by personally answering fan mail he received as a cast member of <i>General Hospital</i>. Simmons still personally answers emails and letters, and makes hundreds of phone calls each week to those who seek his help. He also talked to people on the air during his radio show, and holds weekly live chats in the "clubhouse" area of his website. His appearances also include a "meet and greet" time, so that people can speak to him one on one.</p> <p>Simmons claims to have few friends, saying, "I don't have a lot to offer to one person. I have a lot to offer to a lot of people." Aside from his three Dalmatians and two maids, Simmons lives alone in the Hollywood Hills. While Simmons' sexual orientation has been the subject of much speculation, he has never publicly discussed his sexuality.</p> <h3><span id="Hurricane_Katrina_response"><span>3.2</span> Hurricane Katrina response</span></h3> <p>In September 2005, Simmons was on <i>Entertainment Tonight</i> to discuss the effects of Hurricane Katrina on his family in his hometown of New Orleans, Louisiana, and his involvement in aiding those affected by the hurricane. On August 29, 2006, Simmons was on <i>Your World with Neil Cavuto</i> while making a return visit to New Orleans one year after the flooding, a visit he repeated on March 2, 2007, now talking about his recent trip to Washington, D.C. to promote and raise awareness about The Strengthening Physical Education Act of 2007 (bill HR 1224).</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Jared Leto Shows Dramatic Weight Loss Under White Robe and Hair ..." alt="Jared Leto Shows Dramatic Weight Loss Under White Robe and Hair ..." src="http://static.celebuzz.com/uploads/2012/12/06/Scary-Skinny-Jared-Leto-Dallas-Buyers-Club-3-682x1024.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Print_and_other_media"><span>4</span> Print and other media</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="wwltv.com | New Orleans Weight Loss Wednesday, Videos - WWLTV.com" alt="wwltv.com | New Orleans Weight Loss Wednesday, Videos - WWLTV.com" src="http://www.gannett-cdn.com/-mm-/ea4456fd361fb04f43778b4fa73d1921f94764ba/c=0-0-720-405&r=x633&c=1200x630/http/wwl-download.edgesuite.net/archive/images/L_IMAGE1213e5fd8099388fad022fac0e5.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Notes"><span>5</span> Notes</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Saunatox- assist in weight loss, pain management, skin ..." alt="Saunatox- assist in weight loss, pain management, skin ..." src="http://s3-media1.fl.yelpcdn.com/bphoto/_RZZz2lnkJOrlMRKXT_F6w/o.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References"><span>6</span> References</span></h2> <ul><li><span>Carey, Kevin (November 7, 2007). "<span>"</span>We're Leaving Our Children's Behinds Behind" -- An Interview with Richard Simmons". <i>The Quick and the Ed</i>. American Institutes for Research.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Simmons&rft.atitle=%22We%27re+Leaving+Our+Children%27s+Behinds+Behind%22+%E2%80%94+An+Interview+with+Richard+Simmons&rft.au=Carey%2C+Kevin&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.date=November+7%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quickanded.com%2F2007%2F11%2Fwere-leaving-our-childrens-behinds.html&rft.jtitle=The+Quick+and+the+Ed&rft.pub=American+Institutes+for+Research&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Davis, David (November 27, 2012). "Still Richard: Richard Simmons keeps grooving at 64". <i>SB Nation</i> (Vox Media).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Simmons&rft.atitle=Still+Richard%3A+Richard+Simmons+keeps+grooving+at+64&rft.au=Davis%2C+David&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.date=November+27%2C+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbnation.com%2Flongform%2F2012%2F11%2F27%2F3692806%2Frichard-simmons-still-grooving-at-64&rft.jtitle=SB+Nation&rft.pub=Vox+Media&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Hellmich, Nanci (July 22, 2008). "7/22/2008". <i>USA Today</i> (McLean, Virginia: Gannett).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Simmons&rft.atitle=7%2F22%2F2008&rft.aufirst=Nanci&rft.au=Hellmich%2C+Nanci&rft.aulast=Hellmich&rft.date=July+22%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fweightloss%2F2008-07-22-richard-simmons-hearing_N.htm&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.place=McLean%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Gannett&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>Michel, Martin (July 21, 2008). "Fitness Guru Takes Message to Congress". <i>Tell Me More</i>. NPR.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Simmons&rft.atitle=Fitness+Guru+Takes+Message+to+Congress&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.au=Michel%2C+Martin&rft.btitle=Tell+Me+More&rft.date=July+21%2C+2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D92730429&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>"Love yourself, lose weight". <i>Canada.com</i>. Canwest. March 13, 2006.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Simmons&rft.atitle=Love+yourself%2C+lose+weight&rft.date=March+13%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftopics%2Fbodyandhealth%2Fdietandfitness%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D36d29682-39e5-4c64-96ac-cd636b6b3446%26k%3D10013&rft.jtitle=Canada.com&rft.pub=Canwest&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span>"Richard Simmons: Fit Kids Are Smart Kids". <i>Education Week</i>. Editorial Projects in Education. August 24, 2007<span>. Retrieved <span>November 29,</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Simmons&rft.atitle=Richard+Simmons%3A+Fit+Kids+Are+Smart+Kids&rft.date=August+24%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.edweek.org%2Fedweek%2FNCLB-ActII%2F2007%2F08%2F_in_my_11_years.html&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.pub=Editorial+Projects+in+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span> </span></span></li> <li><span><i>Staying fit with the one and only fitness guru, Richard Simmons!</i>. Interview with Cindy Rhodes. June 2006. Sidewalks Entertainment.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Simmons&rft.btitle=Staying+fit+with+the+one+and+only+fitness+guru%2C+Richard+Simmons%21&rft.date=June+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsidewalkstv.com%2Fwebclips%2Fs%2Frichardsimmons.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Ed Sheeran shows off recent weight loss at New Orleans festival" alt="Ed Sheeran shows off recent weight loss at New Orleans festival" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/35/b3/15/35b3158c11ec322f521ddf0f89aea841.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links"><span>7</span> External links</span></h2> <ul><li>The official Richard Simmons website</li> <li>Richard Simmons is a Diet and Fitness Coach at AOL Coaches</li> <li>Richard Simmons at the Internet Movie Database</li> <li>Richard Simmons talks about how to remain motivated at Lemondrop.com</li> </ul><p><br></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1Hnp7yW">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Simmons">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-4962868455917612002015-07-09T19:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T19:30:12.844-07:00Anti-obesity Medication - Weight Loss Pills That Actually Work<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp8fqNso-cLmaxzfwhWOlue0eAM_vSOUw0mcxkbK_fsKh_z-3wrwFc2xtRw-WgcDsDCpZ2hsG5Fo2f2YMQ5TGgG09aU04soCW3Sq9_eeaSi5AokV01b5LdA-KSElvkp52jtONSiFc2HnU/s1600/Weight+Loss+Pills+that+Actually+Work+%257C+Raw+Muscle+Gain-712845.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp8fqNso-cLmaxzfwhWOlue0eAM_vSOUw0mcxkbK_fsKh_z-3wrwFc2xtRw-WgcDsDCpZ2hsG5Fo2f2YMQ5TGgG09aU04soCW3Sq9_eeaSi5AokV01b5LdA-KSElvkp52jtONSiFc2HnU/s320/Weight+Loss+Pills+that+Actually+Work+%257C+Raw+Muscle+Gain-712845.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169700826058015218" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_1845"><p><b>Anti-obesity medication</b> or weight loss drugs are all pharmacological agents that reduce or control weight. These drugs alter one of the fundamental processes of the human body, weight regulation, by altering either appetite, or absorption of calories. The main treatment modalities for overweight and obese individuals remain dieting and physical exercise.</p> <p>In the United States only one anti-obesity medication orlistat (Xenical) is currently approved by the FDA for long term use. It reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Rimonabant (Acomplia), a second drug, works via a specific blockade of the endocannabinoid system. It has been developed from the knowledge that cannabis smokers often experience hunger, which is often referred to as "the munchies". It had been approved in Europe for the treatment of obesity but has not received approval in the United States or Canada due to safety concerns. The European Medicines Agency in October 2008 recommended the suspension of the sale of rimonabant as the risks seem to be greater than the benefits. Sibutramine (Meridia), which acts in the brain to inhibit deactivation of the neurotransmitters, thereby decreasing appetite was withdrawn from the United States and Canadian markets in October 2010 due to cardiovascular concerns.</p> <p>Because of potential side effects, it is recommended that anti-obesity drugs only be prescribed for obesity where it is hoped that the benefits of the treatment outweigh its risks.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss Pills that Actually Work | Raw Muscle Gain" alt="Weight Loss Pills that Actually Work | Raw Muscle Gain" src="http://rawmusclegain.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/bestweightlosspills-1024x656.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Mechanisms_of_action">Mechanisms of action</span></h2> <p>Current and potential anti-obesity drugs may operate through one or more of the following mechanisms:</p> <ul><li>Appetite suppression-Catecholamines and their derivatives (such as phentermine and other amphetamine-based drugs) are the main tools used for this, although other classes of drugs such as anti-depressants and mood stabilizers have been anecdotally used for appetite suppression (see: bupropion and topiramate). Drugs blocking the cannabinoid receptors may be a future strategy for appetite suppression.</li> <li>Increase of the body's metabolism.</li> <li>Interference with the body's ability to absorb specific nutrients in food. For example, Orlistat (also known as Xenical and Alli) blocks fat breakdown and thereby prevents fat absorption. The OTC fiber supplements glucomannan and guar gum have been used for the purpose of inhibiting digestion and lowering caloric absorption</li> </ul><p>Anorectics are primarily intended to suppress the appetite, but most of the drugs in this class also act as stimulants (e.g., dexedrine), and patients have abused drugs "off label" to suppress appetite (e.g. digoxin).</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>The first described attempts at producing weight loss are those of Soranus of Ephesus, a Greek physician, in the second century AD. He prescribed elixirs of laxatives and purgatives, as well as heat, massage, and exercise. This remained the mainstay of treatment for well over a thousand years. It was not until the 1920s and 1930s that new treatments began to appear. Based on its effectiveness for hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone became a popular treatment for obesity in euthyroid people. It had a modest effect but produced the symptoms of hyperthyroidism as a side effect, such as palpitations and difficulty sleeping. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) was introduced in 1933; this worked by uncoupling the biological process of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, causing them to produce heat instead of ATP. The most significant side effect was a sensation of warmth, frequently with sweating. Overdose, although rare, lead to a rise in body temperature and, ultimately, fatal hyperthermia. By the end of 1938 DNP had fallen out of use because the FDA had become empowered to put pressure on manufacturers, who voluntarily withdrew it from the market.</p> <p>Amphetamines (marketed as Benzedrine) became popular for weight loss during the late 1930s. They worked primarily by suppressing appetite, and had other beneficial effects such as increased alertness. Use of amphetamines increased over the subsequent decades, including Obetrol and culminating in the "rainbow pill" regime. This was a combination of multiple pills, all thought to help with weight loss, taken throughout the day. Typical regimens included stimulants, such as amphetamines, as well as thyroid hormone, diuretics, digitalis, laxatives, and often a barbiturate to suppress the side effects of the stimulants. In 1967/1968 a number of deaths attributed to diet pills triggered a Senate investigation and the gradual implementation of greater restrictions on the market. This culminating in 1979 with the FDA banning the use of amphetamines, then the most effective of the diet drugs, in diet pills.</p> <p>Meanwhile, phentermine had been FDA approved in 1959 and fenfluramine in 1973. The two were no more popular than other drugs until in 1992 a researcher reported that when combined the two caused a 10% weight loss which was maintained for more than two years. <i>Fen-phen</i> was born and rapidly became the most commonly prescribed diet medication. Dexfenfluramine (Redux) was developed in the mid-1990s as an alternative to fenfluramine with less side-effects, and received regulatory approval in 1996. However, this coincided with mounting evidence that the combination could cause valvular heart disease in up to 30% of those who had taken it, leading to withdrawal of Fen-phen and dexfenfluramine from the market in September 1997.</p> <p>Ephedra was removed from the US market in 2004 over concerns that it raises blood pressure and could lead to strokes and death.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="oparh weight loss pill 2015 | Lose Weight Tips" alt="oparh weight loss pill 2015 | Lose Weight Tips" src="http://www.acnewrinkletreatment.com/assets_c/2015/02/Weightloss_supplements-Dallas-thumb-700x382-92099.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Contemporary_anti-obesity_drugs">Contemporary anti-obesity drugs</span></h2> <p>Some patients find that diet and exercise is not a viable option; for these patients, anti-obesity drugs can be a last resort. Some prescription weight loss drugs are stimulants, which are recommended only for short-term use, and thus are of limited usefulness for extremely obese patients, who may need to reduce weight over months or years.</p> <h3><span id="Orlistat">Orlistat</span></h3> <p>Orlistat (Xenical) reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Some side-effects of using Orlistat include frequent, oily bowel movements (steatorrhea). But if fat in the diet is reduced, symptoms often improve. Originally available only by prescription, it was approved by the FDA for over-the-counter sale in February 2007. On 26 May 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a revised label for Xenical to include new safety information about cases of severe liver injury that have been reported rarely with the use of this medication. Of the 40 million users of Orlistat worldwide, 13 cases of severe liver damage have been reported.</p> <h3><span id="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</span></h3> <p>Lorcaserin (Belviq) was approved June 28, 2012 for obesity with other co-morbidities. The average weight loss by study participants was modest, but the most common side effects of the drug are considered benign.</p> <p>An excerpt from the Bloom 1 Study conducted by Arena Pharmaceuticals and later submitted for FDA approval:</p> <blockquote> <p>At the end of Year 1 of the BLOOM trial, using Intent-to-Treat with Last Observation Carried Forward analysis (ITT-LOCF), the proportion of patients achieving at least 5% body weight loss in the lorcaserin group (47.5%) was more than twice that achieved by the placebo group (20.3%). Nearly three times as many patients achieved at least 10% weight loss in the lorcaserin group (22.6%) than in the placebo group (7.7%). Lorcaserin patients who completed the first year of the trial according to the protocol lost an average of 8.2% of their baseline weight, or approximately 18 pounds, at the end of Year 1 as compared to approximately 7 pounds in the placebo group. In Year 2, patients who continued to take lorcaserin were significantly better able to maintain their Year 1 weight loss than those who were switched to placebo.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>In Year 1, lorcaserin caused significant decreases in waist circumference, BMI, glycemic parameters, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels compared to placebo. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels at Year 1 were significantly lower in the lorcaserin group than in the placebo group. Lorcaserin did not increase heart rate or blood pressure; rather, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure decreased slightly but significantly with lorcaserin treatment compared to placebo. Quality of life, measured by the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite questionnaire, improved in both treatment groups, with a greater improvement in the lorcaserin group than in the placebo group.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>At the end of Year 1, 55.4% of patients in the lorcaserin group and 45.1% of patients in the placebo group remained enrolled in the study, and 7.1% and 6.7% of patients, respectively, discontinued the study due to an adverse event. Among the most frequent adverse events reported with lorcaserin were headache (18.0% vs. 11.0%, lorcaserin vs. placebo); dizziness (8.2% vs. 3.8%); and nausea (7.5% vs. 5.4%). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in both treatment groups. The rates of depression and the incidence of anxiety and suicidal thoughts were low in both treatment groups. Lorcaserin caused no significant increase compared to placebo in the incidence of new cardiac valvulopathy.</p> </blockquote> <h3><span id="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</span></h3> <p>Sibutramine (Reductil or Meridia) is an anorectic or appetite suppressant, reducing the desire to eat. Sibutramine may increase blood pressure and may cause dry mouth, constipation, headache, and insomnia.</p> <p>In the past, it was noted by the US that Meridia was a harmless drug for fighting obesity. The US District Court of the Northern District of Ohio rejected 113 cases complaining about the negative effects of the drug, stating that the clients lacked supporting facts and that the representatives involved were not qualified enough.</p> <p>Sibutramine has been withdrawn from the market in the United States, the UK, the EU, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong and Colombia. Its risks (non-life-threatening myocardial infarction and stroke) have been shown to outweigh the benefits.</p> <h3><span id="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</span></h3> <p>Rimonabant (Acomplia) is a recently developed anti-obesity medication. It is a cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist that acts centrally on the brain thus decreasing appetite. It may also act peripherally by increasing thermogenesis and therefore increasing energy expenditure.</p> <p>Weight loss with Rimonabant however has not been shown to be greater than other available weight-loss medication. Due to safety concerns, primarily psychiatric in nature, the drug has not received approval in the United States or Canada, either as an anti-obesity treatment or as a smoking-cessation drug.</p> <p>Sanofi-Aventis has received approval to market Rimonabant as a prescription anti-obesity drug in the European Union, subject to some restrictions. However, in October 2008, the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) recommended that Acomplia no longer be available in UK. One month later, Sanofi-Aventis decided it would no longer study rimonabant for any indication.</p> <h3><span id="Metformin">Metformin</span></h3> <p>In people with Diabetes mellitus type 2, the drug metformin (Glucophage) can reduce weight. Metformin limits the amount of glucose that is produced by the liver as well as increases muscle consumption of glucose. It also helps in increasing our body's response to insulin.</p> <h3><span id="Exenatide">Exenatide</span></h3> <p>Exenatide (Byetta) is a long-acting analogue of the hormone GLP-1, which the intestines secrete in response to the presence of food. Among other effects, GLP-1 delays gastric emptying and promotes a feeling of satiety. Some obese people are deficient in GLP-1, and dieting reduces GLP-1 further. Byetta is currently available as a treatment for Diabetes mellitus type 2. Some, but not all, patients find that they lose substantial weight when taking Byetta. Drawbacks of Byetta include that it must be injected subcutaneously twice daily, and that it causes severe nausea in some patients, especially when therapy is initiated. Byetta is recommended only for patients with Type 2 Diabetes. A somewhat similar drug, Symlin, is currently available for treating diabetes and is in testing for treating obesity in non-diabetics.</p> <h3><span id="Pramlintide">Pramlintide</span></h3> <p>Pramlintide (Symlin) is a synthetic analogue of the hormone Amylin, which in normal people is secreted by the pancreas in response to eating. Among other effects, Amylin delays gastric emptying and promotes a feeling of satiety. Many diabetics are deficient in Amylin. Currently, Symlin is only approved to be used along with insulin by Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics. However, Symlin is currently being tested in non-diabetics as a treatment for obesity. A drawback is that Symlin must be injected at mealtimes.</p> <h3><span id="Other_drugs">Other drugs</span></h3> <p>Other weight loss drugs have also been associated with medical complications, such as fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage due to Redux and Fen-phen, and hemorrhagic stroke due phenylpropanolamine. Many of these substances are related to amphetamine.</p> <p>Unresearched nonprescription products or programs for weight loss are heavily promoted by mail and print advertising and on the internet. The US Food and Drug Administration recommends caution with use of these products, since many of the claims of safety and effectiveness are unsubstantiated. Individuals with anorexia nervosa and some athletes try to control body weight with laxatives, diet pills or diuretic drugs, although these generally have no impact on body fat. Products that work as a laxative can cause the blood's potassium level to drop, which may cause heart and/or muscle problems. Pyruvate is a popular product that may result in a small amount of weight loss. However, pyruvate, which is found in red apples, cheese, and red wine, has not been thoroughly studied and its weight loss potential has not been scientifically established.</p> <h3><span id="Phentermine.2Ftopiramate">Phentermine/topiramate</span></h3> <p>The combination of phentermine and topiramate, brand name Qsymia (formerly Qnexa) was approved by the U.S. FDA on July 17, 2012, as an obestity treatment complementary to a diet and exercise regimen.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="One XS Weight Loss Pills Review: Facts and Truth!" alt="One XS Weight Loss Pills Review: Facts and Truth!" src="http://www.healthygenx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/weght-loss-could-help-joint-pain.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</span></h2> <p>Some supplements and alternative medicine have insufficient evidence to support or oppose their use.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Best weightloss pills - Best weight loss pills 2013 shed those ..." alt="Best weightloss pills - Best weight loss pills 2013 shed those ..." src="http://uae1.com/image/551ddfa1b99fe.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Side_effects">Side effects</span></h2> <p>Some anti-obesity drugs can have severe, even, lethal side effects, fen-phen being a famous example. Fen-phen was reported through the FDA to cause abnormal echocardiograms, heart valve problems, and rare valvular diseases. One of, if not the first, to sound alarms was Sir Arthur MacNalty, Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom). As early as the 1930s, he warned against the use of dinitrophenol as an anti-obesity medication and the injudicious and/or medically unsupervised use of thyroid hormone to achieve weight reduction. The side effects are often associated with the medication's mechanism of action. In general, stimulants carry a risk of high blood pressure, faster heart rate, palpitations, closed-angle glaucoma, drug addiction, restlessness, agitation, and insomnia.</p> <p>Another drug, orlistat, blocks absorption of dietary fats, and as a result may cause oily spotting bowel movements (steatorrhea), oily stools, stomach pain, and flatulence. A similar medication designed for patients with Type 2 diabetes is Acarbose; which partially blocks absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine, and produces similar side effects including stomach pain and flatulence.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Do Diet Pills Really Work? - MyWeightMatters.com" alt="Do Diet Pills Really Work? - MyWeightMatters.com" src="http://myweightmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/kozzi-Young_girl_working_on_laptop_isolated_on_white-884x587.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Limitations_of_current_knowledge">Limitations of current knowledge</span></h2> <p>The limitation of drugs for obesity is that we do not fully understand the neural basis of appetite and how to modulate it. Appetite is clearly a very important instinct to promote survival. Arguably any drug that would abolish appetite may carry a high mortality risk and may be unsuitable for clinical use.</p> <p>Because the human body uses various chemicals and hormones to protect its stores of fat (a reaction probably useful to our ancestors when food was scarce in the past,) there has not yet been found a 'silver bullet', or a way to completely circumvent this natural habit of protecting excess food stores. Because of this, anti-obesity drugs are not presently a practical long-term solution for people who are overweight.</p> <p>In order to circumvent the number of feedback mechanisms that prevent most monotherapies from producing sustained large amounts of weight loss, it has been hypothesized that combinations of drugs may be more effective by targeting multiple pathways and possibly inhibiting feedback pathways that work to cause a plateau in weight loss. This was evidenced by the success of the combination of phentermine and fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine, popularly referred to phen-fen, in producing significant weight loss but fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine were pulled from the market due to safety fears regarding a potential link to heart valve damage. The damage was found to be a result of activity of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine at the 5-HT2B serotonin receptor in heart valves. Newer combinations of SSRIs and phentermine, known as phenpro, have been used with equal efficiency as fenphen with no known heart valve damage due to lack of activity at this particular serotonin receptor due to SSRIs. There has been a recent resurgence in combination therapy clinical development with the development of 3 combinations: Qsymia (topiramate + phentermine), Empatic (bupropion + zonisamide) and Contrave (bupropion + naltrexone).</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Harry Barnes Health - Page 11 of 16 -" alt="Harry Barnes Health - Page 11 of 16 -" src="http://www.harrybarneshealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/bigstock-Colorful-capsules-and-pills-on-47875931-1080x675.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Future_developments">Future developments</span></h2> <p>Other classes of drugs in development include lipase inhibitors, similar to orlistat. Another lipase inhibitor, called GT 389-255, was being developed by Peptimmune (licensed from Genzyme). This was a novel combination of an inhibitor and a polymer designed to bind the undigested triglycerides therefore allowing increased fat expulsion without side effects such as oily stools that occur with orlistat. The development stalled as Phase 1 trials were conducted in 2004 and there was no further human clinical development afterward. In 2011, Peptimmune filed for Chapter 7 Liquidation.</p> <p>Another potential long-term approach to anti-obesity medication is through the development of ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi). Animal studies have illustrated that the deletion of the RIP140 gene in mice by genetic knockdown results in the lack of fat accumulation, even when mice are fed a high fat diet. Similarly, another nuclear hormone receptor co-repressor, SMRT, has demonstrated an opposing effect in genetically engineered mice. Dr. Russell Nofsinger and Dr. Ronald Evans of the Salk Institute showed that disruption of the molecular interaction between SMRT and their nuclear hormone receptor partners leads to increased adiposity and a decreased metabolic rate. These studies suggest that new drugs targeting the molecular interaction between nuclear hormone receptors and their regulatory cofactors could provide a useful new category of therapeutic targets to be developed in an effort to control obesity.</p> <p>Another approach is to induce a sense of satiety by occupying space in the gastric and intestinal cavities. One clinical trial involves a hydrogel (Gelesis) made of indigestible, food-grade materials. Another pilot study uses pseudobezoars.</p> <p>Other drugs in clinical trials as of October 2009 include Cetilistat and TM38837.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="vitamin-supplements.jpg" alt="vitamin-supplements.jpg" src="http://readanddigest.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/vitamin-supplements.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li>Weight loss effects of water</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="sdpharmaheader.jpg" alt="sdpharmaheader.jpg" src="http://i0.wp.com/www.comebackmomma.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/sdpharmaheader.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <p><span>Boss, Olivier; Karl G. Hofbauer (2004). <i>Pharmacotherapy of obesity: options and alternatives</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-30321-4.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-obesity+medication&rft.au=Boss%2C+Olivier%3B+Karl+G.+Hofbauer&rft.aulast=Boss%2C+Olivier%3B+Karl+G.+Hofbauer&rft.btitle=Pharmacotherapy+of+obesity%3A+options+and+alternatives&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-30321-4&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></p> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Prescription Medications for the Treatment of Obesity</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1Eszdg8">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-41093267387323973972015-07-09T19:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T19:29:08.322-07:00AdvoCare - Beaumont Weight Loss Center<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHozk5qqctL0coQWw2Y_BE5Boe2OooJhF6Sib_YxbjGUw36nxUg8jX3IHEpemSWUzxvUSfIXO20VLdyawJkOgMdEDtgfi7J4xEJL6AvAeY1dLa0abl0z0crKlAH11J-wG1QpQQpkAkoU/s1600/Featured+Athlete+%25C3%25A2%25C2%2580%25C2%2593+Justin+Talley+-+Crossfit+Beaumont-748323.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHozk5qqctL0coQWw2Y_BE5Boe2OooJhF6Sib_YxbjGUw36nxUg8jX3IHEpemSWUzxvUSfIXO20VLdyawJkOgMdEDtgfi7J4xEJL6AvAeY1dLa0abl0z0crKlAH11J-wG1QpQQpkAkoU/s320/Featured+Athlete+%25C3%25A2%25C2%2580%25C2%2593+Justin+Talley+-+Crossfit+Beaumont-748323.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169700552085429170" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_8106"><p><span></span></p> <p><b>AdvoCare International, L.P.</b> is an American multilevel marketing company which sells nutrition, weight-loss, energy and sports performance products. The company was founded in 1993 by Charles Ragus and employs around 250 people in the United States. Its corporate headquarters are in Plano, Texas.</p> <p>The company distributes its products in the United States through a network of approximately 60,000 independent distributors, who participate in a compensation plan based on a multilevel marketing model.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Featured Athlete â" Justin Talley - Crossfit Beaumont" alt="Featured Athlete â" Justin Talley - Crossfit Beaumont" src="http://crossfitbeaumont.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/4-e1305264353462-664x1024.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Charles Ragus founded AdvoCare in 1993, as a multilevel marketing company that distributes health and nutrition products. Before AdvoCare, Ragus worked as a regional vice president for Fidelity Union Insurance, and as a multi-level marketing distributor for Herbalife. He briefly played defensive end for the National Football League's Kansas City Chiefs in the 1960s. He died in 2001 at the age 58.</p> <p>In May 2007, Richard H. Wright became president and CEO of AdvoCare. Wright had previously served as Chief of Staff for US Representative Jim McCrery.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Products">Products</span></h2> <p>AdvoCare offers more than 90 general nutrition, weight loss, energy and sports performance products including <i>Trim</i>, <i>Active</i>, <i>Well</i>, <i>Performance Elite</i>, <i>Skincare</i> and the <i>24 Day Challenge</i>.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Local News - Center Broadcasting Live - Local - Reaching Out" alt="Local News - Center Broadcasting Live - Local - Reaching Out" src="http://cbc-radio.com/assets/images/Joaquin%20boy%20lifters.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Business">Business</span></h2> <p>AdvoCare is a multilevel marketing company. In addition to revenue from product sales, AdvoCare distributors can potentially earn additional commissions from sales by their 'downline' distributors. According to the company's 2013 Income disclosure statement, the average annual income, not including expenses, for AdvoCare distributors who were 'active' in 2013 (defined as earning a payment during the year) was $1,704.08.</p> <p>In a 2010 court case Advocare said that it had around 60,000 active distributors, and had sold approximately 350,000 distributorships since 2003.</p> <p>AdvoCare is a member of the U.S. Direct Selling Association (DSA), and participated in the 2010 DSA Code of Ethics Communication Initiative. AdvoCare President Richard Wright served on the DSA Board of Directors in 2011.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Local News - Center Broadcasting Live - Local - Reaching Out" alt="Local News - Center Broadcasting Live - Local - Reaching Out" src="http://cbc-radio.com/assets/images/diboll%20champs%202015.JPG" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Sponsorships">Sponsorships</span></h2> <p>From 2009 until 2013, AdvoCare was the title sponsor of the Independence Bowl in Shreveport, Louisiana. The 2013 game was known as the AdvoCare V100 Bowl. In 2012, AdvoCare partnered with the Major League Soccer team FC Dallas and became its jersey sponsor.</p> <p>In 2014, AdvoCare secured the naming rights of a professional sports practice facility located at The Greenbrier in West Virginia. The facility was named the AdvoCare Sports Performance Center and hosted the 2014 training camp for the New Orleans Saints. AdvoCare also became the title sponsor of the 2014 Texas Bowl. In 2016, AdvoCare will be sponsoring the Texas Kickoff and Cowboys Classic games.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Featured Athlete â" Justin Talley - Crossfit Beaumont" alt="Featured Athlete â" Justin Talley - Crossfit Beaumont" src="http://crossfitbeaumont.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/3-e1305264566413-663x1024.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Controversy">Controversy</span></h2> <p>In July 2008, Olympic swimmer Jessica Hardy tested positive for the banned breathing enhancer, clenbuterol. Hardy said she had never heard of the substance, attributing the positive result to either a tainted supplement or sabotage. At the time, Hardy had been taking the supplement Arginine Extreme, which she had received for free from AdvoCare in exchange for making product testimonials, and she claimed in a subsequent lawsuit that the company's product was tainted. AdvoCare sued Hardy for making false claims. An arbitration hearing reduced Hardy's suspension after a scientific expert testified that the AdvoCare product was tainted. AdvoCare disputed the panel's findings, saying that two independent laboratories had not found any evidence of Clenbuterol in the supplements.</p> <p>In 2009, a Dallas County jury awarded $1.9 million in damages against AdvoCare after finding that the company had engaged in deceptive trade practices and unfairly canceled agreements with two of its distributors. According to the lawsuit, litigants Bruce and Teresa Badgett of Arlington, Texas, had been active and profitable marketers of AdvoCare products for more than a dozen years before their distributorship was canceled by the company in 2006 "based upon vague and trumped-up charges." The jury found that AdvoCare engaged in false, misleading or deceptive practices that damaged the Badgetts and that the termination provisions of the distributor contract with AdvoCare were unconscionable, according to court documents. AdvoCare disputed the ruling and on April 30, 2010, filed to appeal the decision on the basis that the plaintiffs were not customers and therefore did not fit the statutory definition necessary to be covered under the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. The appeal was dismissed on March 13, 2012 and the company was ordered to reimburse the Badgett's for court costs related to their defense in the appeal case.</p> <p>AdvoCare ceased offering <i>KickStart Spark</i>, targeted to youth age 4-11, after pediatricians had expressed concerns about the product containing 60 mg of caffeine. AdvoCare was also the subject of criticism for its marketing at youth athletic events. In 2005, the company paid $5,000 to sponsor a high school wrestling tournament in Sacramento but after negative publicity, AdvoCare officials said they would not sponsor any more school events.</p> <p>Wendy Miller of the Beaumont Weight Control Center said AdvoCare's Herbal Cleanse cleanse is probably safe for many users, but she suggested that the same results could be achieved without the products.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Blog Masonry Fullwidth |" alt="Blog Masonry Fullwidth |" src="http://getyouinshape.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Advocare-Endorsers.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Local News - Center Broadcasting Live - Local - Reaching Out" alt="Local News - Center Broadcasting Live - Local - Reaching Out" src="http://cbc-radio.com/assets/images/Burnice%20Griffin.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><span><span>Official website</span></span></li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1EI28Nz">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdvoCare">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-68827310629183427542015-07-09T18:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T18:30:07.330-07:00The Hacker's Diet - Easy To Make Smoothies For Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVqFIMNVirBHbs7MCWw4i72k3e5gP90FNc2ta8AHFtjsZy-J3i9kQ6PkmsqWdvbu507p3KQ7H0Im-DIEWziTDb9CEC2YAyxnD_A4ExtobfusDyuLVpx4S4PLXX9n57TT93a5GtbfQX3As/s1600/Weight+Loss+Smoothie+Recipes+%257C+Linda+Wagner-707331.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVqFIMNVirBHbs7MCWw4i72k3e5gP90FNc2ta8AHFtjsZy-J3i9kQ6PkmsqWdvbu507p3KQ7H0Im-DIEWziTDb9CEC2YAyxnD_A4ExtobfusDyuLVpx4S4PLXX9n57TT93a5GtbfQX3As/s320/Weight+Loss+Smoothie+Recipes+%257C+Linda+Wagner-707331.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169685342977658482" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_6176"><p><i><b>The Hacker's Diet</b></i> (humorously subtitled "<i>How to lose weight and hair through stress and poor nutrition</i>") is a diet plan created by the founder of Autodesk, John Walker, outlined in an electronic book of the same name, that attempts to aid the process of weight loss by more accurately modeling how calories consumed and calories expended actually impact weight. Walker notes that much of our fat free mass introduces signal noise when trying to determine how much weight we're actually losing or gaining. With the help of a graphing tool (Excel is used in the book), he addresses these problems. Factoring in exercise, and through counting calories, one can calculate one's own total energy expenditure (basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and day-to-day exercise) and cut back calorie intake or increase exercise to lose weight.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss Smoothie Recipes | Linda Wagner" alt="Weight Loss Smoothie Recipes | Linda Wagner" src="http://lindawagner.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/MG_4079.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Dieting_as_an_engineering_problem">Dieting as an engineering problem</span></h2> <p>Walker describes the diet as approaching weight loss "as an engineering problem", claiming that his approach enabled him to reduce his weight from 215 pounds to 145 pounds in a year, and keep it stable afterwards.</p> <p>Walker considers the problem of weight loss and maintenance as a control system problem. Simplifying the problem to the barest elements, he models the human body as a "rubber bag," where variables such as food type, frequency, metabolic rates and even exercise as considered negligible. According to Walker, the difference between calorie intake and expenditure is the key (a calorie surplus leads to weight gain; a calorie deficit leads to weight loss). To solve the problem, one needs to monitor calorie intake and weight loss rate, and make the desired proportional adjustments to reach the desired goal.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="The_body_as_a_system">The body as a system</span></h2> <p>Walker also introduces the reader at some length to simple feedback and control systems, providing spreadsheets to demonstrate feedback, oscillation and data smoothing to illustrate his arguments. While the diet is a fairly straightforward calorie-counting approach, data smoothing (exponential moving averages in particular) is considered a key element of the monitoring system. Walker presents techniques for Excel-aided or paper-and-pencil data smoothing to allow the dieter to adjust the diet for themselves using the long-term trend and to not be discouraged by short-term fluctuations based on water retention or other factors.</p> <p>The diet also uses the trend line as a control system to allow the dieter early warning of relapse after the target weight is reached. As Walker states, "The vast majority of people who lose weight end up, in relatively short order, gaining back every pound they lost." A quick check of the trend line provides an easy way to make small adjustments in intake, allowing much greater control of weight for life.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Nutritionists Reveal the Perfect Weight-Loss Smoothie" alt="Nutritionists Reveal the Perfect Weight-Loss Smoothie" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/17/57/9c/17579cf3ffe605ba6c95d18d6d0dc655.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Tools">Tools</span></h2> <p>Walker uses Excel spreadsheets to log weight and produce charts, but provides a list of other software packages that may be used. Walker also provides a free online tracker and grapher at his Fourmilab website, and the program Eat Watch, mobile tracking and charting services for the Palm platform.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Chocolate Almond Banana Smoothie Recipe and a new plan of attack ..." alt="Chocolate Almond Banana Smoothie Recipe and a new plan of attack ..." src="http://i597.photobucket.com/albums/tt58/vivnboys/ChocolateAlmondBananaSmoothie.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Exercise">Exercise</span></h2> <p>Walker says "You don't exercise to lose weight (although it certainly helps). You exercise because you'll live longer and you'll feel better."</p> <p>Walker suggests combining the diet with exercises derived from the Royal Canadian Air Force 5BX exercise program.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Green Smoothie for Weight Loss Part 2 | Linda Wagner" alt="Green Smoothie for Weight Loss Part 2 | Linda Wagner" src="http://lindawagner.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/IMG_2192-1024x574.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Smoothies For Weight Loss | POPSUGAR Fitness" alt="Smoothies For Weight Loss | POPSUGAR Fitness" src="http://media4.popsugar-assets.com/files/2015/02/06/816/n/1922398/75622333_edit_img_cover_file_845239_1409939596_Smoothies-WeightKI0B8P.xxxlarge/i/Smoothies-Weight-Loss.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>The Hacker's Diet</li> <li>OpenOffice.org-compatible Hacker's Diet spreadsheet tools</li> <li><i>Healthy Food Choices for the Hacker's Diet Foods</i> video, video exploring the pros and cons of the Hackers Diet</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1EtLUrf">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hacker's_Diet">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-7986745441155228052015-07-09T18:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T18:29:10.479-07:00Weight Loss - Exercises For Fast Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2KowwXSs05P3kpNbQ3IvWPFbwi1DydA60ZpMwBSAhzDLJyYhnG3U44-4TBue0CxZsXIPNS1XCAtEEwVxRgZpQCnD11M6r3AqKWJ6as-lnmLmN5aW6NhlyP_ZLLHIFPMjkFK0xdrTTSyI/s1600/21-day-Fix-Results.jpg-750480.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2KowwXSs05P3kpNbQ3IvWPFbwi1DydA60ZpMwBSAhzDLJyYhnG3U44-4TBue0CxZsXIPNS1XCAtEEwVxRgZpQCnD11M6r3AqKWJ6as-lnmLmN5aW6NhlyP_ZLLHIFPMjkFK0xdrTTSyI/s320/21-day-Fix-Results.jpg-750480.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169685097816779970" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_3238"><p><b>Weight loss</b>, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due to malnourishment or an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as <b>slimming</b>.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="21-day-Fix-Results.jpg" alt="21-day-Fix-Results.jpg" src="http://www.eatingbirdfood.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/21-day-Fix-Results.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Unintentional">Unintentional</span></h2> <h3><span id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span></h3> <p>Unintentional weight loss may result from loss of body fats, loss of body fluids, muscle atrophy, or even a combination of these. It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month. Another criterion used for assessing weight that is too low is the body mass index (BMI). However, even lesser amounts of weight loss can be a cause for serious concern in a frail elderly person.</p> <p>Unintentional weight loss can occur because of an inadequately nutritious diet relative to a person's energy needs (generally called malnutrition). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, disease- or treatment-related dietary changes, or reduced appetite associated with a disease or treatment can also cause unintentional weight loss. Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, drug-nutrient interaction, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.</p> <p>Continuing weight loss may deteriorate into wasting, a vaguely defined condition called cachexia. Cachexia differs from starvation in part because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. It is associated with poorer outcomes. In the advanced stages of progressive disease, metabolism can change so that they lose weight even when they are getting what is normally regarded as adequate nutrition and the body cannot compensate. This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help. Symptoms of weight loss from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts, nausea, anemia, weakness and fatigue.</p> <p>Serious weight loss may reduce quality of life, impair treatment effectiveness or recovery, worsen disease processes and be a risk factor for high mortality rates. Malnutrition can affect every function of the human body, from the cells to the most complex body functions, including:</p> <ul><li>immune response;</li> <li>wound healing;</li> <li>muscle strength (including respiratory muscles);</li> <li>renal capacity and depletion leading to water and electrolyte disturbances;</li> <li>thermoregulation; and</li> <li>menstruation.</li> </ul><p>In addition, malnutrition can lead to vitamin and other deficiencies and to inactivity, which in turn may pre-dispose to other problems, such as pressure sores.</p> <p>Unintentional weight loss can be the characteristic leading to diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and type 1 diabetes.</p> <p>In the UK, up to 5% of the general population is underweight, but more than 10% of those with lung or gastrointestinal diseases and who have recently had surgery. According to data in the UK using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), which incorporates unintentional weight loss, more than 10% of the population over the age of 65 is at risk of malnutrition. A high proportion (10-60%) of hospital patients are also at risk, along with a similar proportion in care homes.</p> <h3><span id="Causes">Causes</span></h3> <h4><span id="Disease-related">Disease-related</span></h4> <p>Disease-related malnutrition can be considered in four categories:</p> <p>Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include:</p> <ul><li>As chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) advances, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss called pulmonary cachexia, including diminished muscle mass. Around 25% experience moderate to severe weight loss, and most others have some weight loss. Greater weight loss is associated with poorer prognosis. Theories about contributing factors include appetite loss related to reduced activity, additional energy required for breathing, and the difficulty of eating with dyspnea (labored breathing).</li> <li>Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained (idiopathic) weight loss. About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobilary (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies.</li> <li>People with HIV often experience weight loss, and it is associated with poorer outcomes. Wasting syndrome is an AIDS-defining condition.</li> <li>Gastrointestinal disorders are another common cause of unexplained weight loss - in fact they are the most common non-cancerous cause of idiopathic weight loss. Possible gastrointestinal etiologies of unexplained weight loss include: celiac disease, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), pancreatitis, gastritis, diarrhea and many other GI conditions.</li> <li>Infection. Some infectious diseases can cause weight loss. Fungal illnesses, endocarditis, many parasitic diseases, AIDS, and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss.</li> <li>Renal disease. Patients who have uremia often have poor or absent appetite, vomiting and nausea. This can cause weight loss.</li> <li>Cardiac disease. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss.</li> <li>Connective tissue disease</li> <li>Neurologic disease, including dementia</li> <li>Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.</li> </ul><h4><span id="Therapy-related">Therapy-related</span></h4> <p>Medical treatment can directly or indirectly cause weight loss, impairing treatment effectiveness and recovery that can lead to further weight loss in a vicious cycle.</p> <p>Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after <b>surgery</b>. Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy to wound healing, which increases the body's overall energy requirements. Surgery affects nutritional status indirectly, particularly during the recovery period, as it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery. Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system. Enteral nutrition (tube feeding) is often needed. However a policy of 'nil by mouth' for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit, with some suggestion it might hinder recovery.</p> <p>Early post-operative nutrition is a part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols. These protocols also include carbohydrate loading in the 24 hours before surgery, but earlier nutritional interventions have not been shown to have a significant impact.</p> <p>Some medications can cause weight loss, while others can cause weight gain.</p> <h4><span id="Social_conditions">Social conditions</span></h4> <p>Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and inability to get or prepare preferred foods can cause unintentional weight loss, and this may be particularly common in older people. Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems. Ill-fitting dentures and other dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.</p> <p>Loss of hope, status or social contact and spiritual distress can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Intentional">Intentional</span></h2> <p>Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming.</p> <p>Weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese can reduce health risks, increase fitness, and may delay the onset of diabetes. It could reduce pain and increase movement in people with osteoarthritis of the knee. Weight loss can lead to a reduction in hypertension (high blood pressure), however whether this reduces hypertension-related harm is unclear.</p> <p>Weight loss occurs when the body is expending more energy in work and metabolism than it is absorbing from food or other nutrients. It will then use stored reserves from fat or muscle, gradually leading to weight loss.</p> <p>It is not uncommon for some people who are at their ideal body weight to seek additional weight loss in order to improve athletic performance or meet required weight classification for participation in a sport. Others may be driven to lose weight to achieve an appearance they consider more attractive. Being underweight is associated with health risks such as difficulty fighting off infection, osteoporosis, decreased muscle strength, trouble regulating body temperature and even increased risk of death.</p> <p>According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), healthy individuals seeking to maintain their weight should consume 2,000 calories (8.4 MJ) per day.</p> <p>According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans those who achieve and manage a healthy weight do so most successfully by being careful to consume just enough calories to meet their needs, and being physically active.</p> <p>Low-calorie regimen diets are also referred to as balanced percentage diets. Due to their minimal detrimental effects, these types of diets are most commonly recommended by nutritionists. In addition to restricting calorie intake, a balanced diet also regulates macronutrient consumption. From the total number of allotted daily calories, it is recommended that 55% should come from carbohydrates, 15% from protein, and 30% from fats with no more than 10% of total fat coming from saturated forms. For instance, a recommended 1,200 calorie diet would supply about 660 calories from carbohydrates, 180 from protein, and 360 from fat. Some studies suggest that increased consumption of protein can help ease hunger pangs associated with reduced caloric intake by increasing the feeling of satiety. Calorie restriction in this way has many long-term benefits. After reaching the desired body weight, the calories consumed per day may be increased gradually, without exceeding 2,000 net (i.e. derived by subtracting calories burned by physical activity from calories consumed). Combined with increased physical activity, low-calorie diets are thought to be most effective long-term, unlike crash diets, which can achieve short-term results, at best. Physical activity could greatly enhance the efficiency of a diet. The healthiest weight loss regimen, therefore, is one that consists of a balanced diet and moderate physical activity.</p> <p>Weight gain has been associated with excessive consumption of fats, sugars, carbohydrates in general, and alcohol consumption. Depression, stress or boredom may also contribute to weight increase, and in these cases, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost more than twice as much fat as sleep-deprived dieters.</p> <p>The majority of dieters regain weight over the long term.</p> <h3><span id="Therapeutic_techniques">Therapeutic techniques</span></h3> <p>The least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical activity, generally in the form of exercise. The World Health Organization recommended that people combine a reduction of processed foods high in saturated fats, sugar and salt and caloric content of the diet with an increase in physical activity.</p> <p>An increase in fiber intake is also recommended for regulating bowel movements.</p> <p>Other methods of weight loss include use of drugs and supplements that decrease appetite, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume.</p> <p>Bariatric surgery may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric surgical procedures are gastric bypass and gastric banding. Both can be effective at limiting the intake of food energy by reducing the size of the stomach, but as with any surgical procedure both come with their own risks that should be considered in consultation with a physician.</p> <p>Dietary supplements, though widely used, are not considered a healthy option for weight loss. Many are available, but very few are effective in the long term.</p> <p>Virtual gastric band uses hypnosis to make the brain think the stomach is smaller than it really is and hence lower the amount of food ingested. This brings as a consequence weight reduction. This method is complemented with psychological treatment for anxiety management and with hypnopedia. Research has been conducted into the use of hypnosis as a weight management alternative. In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight reduction if reinforced with hypnosis. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT, a mindfulness approach to weight loss, has also in the last few years been demonstrating its usefulness.</p> <h3><span id="Crash_dieting">Crash dieting</span></h3> <p>A crash diet is the willful restriction of nutritional intake (except water) for more than 12 waking hours. The desired result is for the body to burn fat for energy and thereby lose a significant amount of weight in a short time. Crash dieting can be dangerous to health and this method of weight loss is not recommended by physicians.</p> <p>According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, "If the diet or product sounds too good to be true, it probably is. There are no foods or pills that magically burn fat. No super foods will alter your genetic code. No products will miraculously melt fat while you watch TV or sleep." Certain ingredients in supplements and herbal products can be dangerous and even deadly for some people.</p> <h3><span id="Weight_loss_industry">Weight loss industry</span></h3> <p>There is a substantial market for products which promise to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, DVDs, CDs, cremes, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials, fitness centers, personal coaches, weight loss groups, and food products and supplements.</p> <p>In 2008 between US$33 billion and $55 billion was spent annually in the US on weight-loss products and services, including medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, with weight-loss centers taking between 6 and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. Over $1.6 billion a year was spent on weight-loss supplements. About 70 percent of Americans' dieting attempts are of a self-help nature.</p> <p>In Western Europe, sales of weight-loss products, excluding prescription medications, topped £900 million ($1.4 billion) in 2009.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Belly-Fat-Exercises.jpg" alt="Belly-Fat-Exercises.jpg" src="http://www.southcoastrunningclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Belly-Fat-Exercises.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Exercises to Lose Weight Fast - Your Healthy Plan" alt="Exercises to Lose Weight Fast - Your Healthy Plan" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkcYHz8ZzDMxAdjM6Bv5-zr-muWeiyni2wXrxPjQbhveD_LZBYGOuVQdkcpZjfzGLcF_kJVjxo2qh_ZoxVGGVnavwroSlvZq4M4s3Zg3gPkRFs7yG8kdIP4ZLvVVr3CKLJ8EfYdgB7L34/s1600/3.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="how to lose belly fat diet plan | lose weight fast exercise ..." alt="how to lose belly fat diet plan | lose weight fast exercise ..." src="http://loseweightfastexerciseprogramfastingtoloseweight.whichweightlossprogramisthebest.com/uploads/lose-weight-fast-exercise-program-easy-to-lose-weight-3.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Weight loss at DMOZ</li> <li>Health benefits of losing weight By IQWiG at PubMed Health</li> <li>Weight-control Information Network U.S. National Institutes of Health</li> <li>Nutrition in cancer care By NCI at PubMed Health</li> <li>Unintentional weight loss</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1ErEWCW">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-49240700855643600992015-07-09T17:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T17:30:08.979-07:00Hydroxycut - Weight Loss Pills Ads<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-a8dn61wgF-nKxfwDqEqUgrM6XLun5ipAz6t1EsjFvrnUtEucIQoM3EpA4VyLKFJKKn3P2r12Ec2faIhAIQOos0rKWYw6Cs3-w_ob7G6gt9BXt1Us2VtQNrViXUhlD5_rLsp2Lz-cpM0/s1600/The+Secret+Life+of+Hydroxycut+%257C+dietpillshydroxycut-708979.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-a8dn61wgF-nKxfwDqEqUgrM6XLun5ipAz6t1EsjFvrnUtEucIQoM3EpA4VyLKFJKKn3P2r12Ec2faIhAIQOos0rKWYw6Cs3-w_ob7G6gt9BXt1Us2VtQNrViXUhlD5_rLsp2Lz-cpM0/s320/The+Secret+Life+of+Hydroxycut+%257C+dietpillshydroxycut-708979.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169669884218629250" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_5246"><p><b>Hydroxycut</b> is a brand of dietary supplements that is marketed as a weight loss aid. Hydroxycut was originally developed and manufactured by MuscleTech Research and Development; MuscleTech was sold to Iovate Health Sciences in 2003-2004 and declared bankruptcy in 2006; Iovate continues to use MuscleTech as a brand to market Hydroxycut.</p> <p>As of 2013, primary ingredients in the product line include lady's mantle extract (Alchemilla vulgaris), wild olive extract (Olea europaea), cumin extract (Cuminum cyminum), wild mint extract (Mentha longifolia), and, in some products, green coffee bean extract (Coffea canephora robusta).</p> <p>Before the 2004 reformulation, formulations contained ephedra, a supplement banned by the FDA in 2004. Before the 2009 reformulation, formulations contained several substances with potential to harm the liver. After a series of reports in the medical literature of serious liver problems, including one death, the FDA warned consumers to stop using Hydroxycut, and Iovate agreed to recall the products.</p> <p>The harm caused by Hydroxycut products has led to calls for stricter regulation of the dietary supplement industry and to calls within the industry for more rigorous safety testing.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="The Secret Life of Hydroxycut | dietpillshydroxycut" alt="The Secret Life of Hydroxycut | dietpillshydroxycut" src="https://dietpillshydroxycut.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/hydroxycut4.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Marketing_and_sales">Marketing and sales</span></h2> <p>Hydroxycut is sold at conventional retailers, online retailers, and through direct television marketing. Like many dietary supplements, published studies demonstrating scientific evidence of its effectiveness and safety is lacking.</p> <p>In March 2013, Sean Lowe became the brand ambassador for Hydroxycut Hardcore. In the same month, IndyCar racer Tony Kanaan announced he will pilot the No. 11 Hydroxycut IndyCar at the Indianapolis 500 along with 8 other events at the 2013 IndyCar Championship. Hydroxycut has been promoted as being created and endorsed by doctors. Television advertisements for Hydroxycut featured a medical resident, although reporters were unable to locate him after Hydroxycut was removed from the market in 2009.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Corporate_background">Corporate background</span></h2> <p>MuscleTech Research and Development Inc was a Canadian company based in Toronto that operated with a group of closely related companies, and developed the Hydroxycut product line. Thousands of lawsuits were filed over ephedra in the early 2000s; the first lawsuits against MuscleTech began in 2000 and by 2004 there were about 80 pending. In 2003 and 2004, most of the assets of the MuscleTech group of companies were sold off to other companies, including Iovate Health Sciences; the same person controlled MuscleTech and Iovate. MuscleTech filed for bankruptcy in Canada on January 18, 2006 and the claims of litigants against MuscleTech were resolved by 2007. Since then, MuscleTech has become a brand of Iovate, under which Hydroxycut products are sold.</p> <p>Iovate Health Sciences operates as a subsidiary of Kerr Investment Holding Corp.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight loss advertisements" alt="Weight loss advertisements" src="http://cdn6.psdtex.com/static/2013/7/14/weight-loss-product-advertising-posters-psd.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Pre-2004_formulations">Pre-2004 formulations</span></h2> <p>Prior to 2004, some formulations of Hydroxycut contained ephedra. There were reports of seizures in people who had ingested Hydroxycut, which were attributed to the ephedra and caffeine in the product. As a result, there were around 80 pending ephedra lawsuits against MuscleTech.</p> <p>In 2003, Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon filed a lawsuit in St. Louis against Hydroxycut's manufacturer, MuscleTech, stating that its marketing claims that Hydroxycut was "clinically proven" to be a "fat-burner" were false. Nixon also alleged that "MuscleTech's own consultants had serious concerns about the safety of Hydroxycut, but the company continued to market the product." MuscleTech paid $100,000 to settle the case and agreed to cease marketing ephedra-containing products in Missouri and to refund customers' money.</p> <p>The <i>New York Times</i> reported in 2003 that internal documents from MuscleTech indicated that the company had buried studies showing that Hydroxycut was ineffective, covered up evidence of cardiac side effects, and even tampered with the documents it submitted as evidence in a lawsuit in Oklahoma.</p> <p>In 2004, the FDA banned ephedra after 155 deaths from heart attack and stroke were attributed to ephedra, including the death of Baltimore Orioles pitcher Steve Bechler. It was the first banning of a dietary supplement by the FDA</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Amazon.com: Hydroxycut Hardcore Elite-Svetol Green Coffee Bean ..." alt="Amazon.com: Hydroxycut Hardcore Elite-Svetol Green Coffee Bean ..." src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/711TKrMAzeL._SL1145_.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Pre-2009_formulations">Pre-2009 formulations</span></h2> <p>By 2009, about 15% of Americans had tried taking dietary supplements for weight loss, and Hydroxycut was the biggest seller, with about a million units sold each year.</p> <p>However, Hydroxycut formulations contained several substances with potential to harm the liver such as hydroxycitric acid.</p> <p>Scientific evidence of serious side effects from Hydroxycut products accumulated, including liver failure (requiring liver transplantation in some cases), rhabdomyolysis, and at least one death, of a 19-year-old man who used the product.</p> <p>On May 1, 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning to consumers to stop using Hydroxycut products, due to 23 reports of serious health problems associated with the use of Hydroxycut, and at least one death, and to destroy any product that they may possess. The warning stated <i>"Although the liver damage appears to be relatively rare, FDA believes consumers should not be exposed to unnecessary risk. Consumers who have these products are urged to stop using them."</i> Following the FDA warning, the manufacturer then agreed to recall the products.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Diet foods â" Hydroxycut" alt="Diet foods â" Hydroxycut" src="http://slimcelebrity.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Brooke-Birmingham-172-Pounds-Weight-Loss-Tips-and-Real-Post-Weight-Loss-Photos-Before-and-After-Photos.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Post-2009_formulations">Post-2009 formulations</span></h2> <p>After the 2009 recall, Hydroxycut was reformulated and placed back on sale, and the FDA confirmed that the only ingredient left from prior formulations was caffeine.</p> <p>As of 2013, its primary ingredients include caffeine anhydrous, Lady's mantle extract (<i>Alchemilla vulgaris</i>), Wild olive extract (<i>Olea europaea</i>), Cumin extract (<i>Cuminum cyminum</i>), Wild mint extract (<i>Mentha longifolia</i>) and, in some Hydroxycut products, Green coffee bean extract (<i>Coffea canephora robusta</i>).</p> <p>Following the reformulation, case reports in the medical literature have continued to link Hydroxycut to serious side effects. An article published in 2010 reported on a case of atrial fibrillation that the author suspected was due to epigallocatechin gallate in Hydroxycut Green Tea, a product that as of 2012 is no longer marketed. Another case published in 2013 reported on a patient who developed ulcerative colitis due to Hydroxycut Hardcore.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Hydroxycut â" Lose Weight Your Way" alt="Hydroxycut â" Lose Weight Your Way" src="http://www.hydroxycut.com/wp-content/uploads/bfi_thumb/SummerTreats-2z620umkcdjuw7ubbmrgu8.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Reactions">Reactions</span></h2> <p>The Hydroxycut case has been cited as emblematic of the weak regulation of dietary supplements in the U.S. Defenders of the nutritional supplements industry said that the recall demonstrated that the FDA has the power to protect consumers from toxic products, while critics cited it as evidence that the FDA's powers over dietary supplements need to be expanded.</p> <p>While some diet supplement executives defended the safety of Hydroxycut and believed the media "over-hyped" the FDA withdrawal, others questioned why Iovate had not published long-term safety or efficacy studies on the final Hydroxycut products. This is despite having the money to perform such studies and their self-definition as a "research-oriented" company. The editors of the nutrition trade journal <i>Nutrition Business Journal</i> noted that this recall "will ultimately be a good thing for the dietary supplement industry if it encourages weight-loss supplement manufacturers to care as much about their products' safety and efficacy as they do about expanding and protecting their bottom lines."</p> <p>In a paper published in the <i>World Journal of Gastroenterology</i> in October 2010, Hydroxycut was cited as an example of "current and former weight loss products backed by potentially conflicted or low quality research." It noted that "Marketing materials for Hydroxycut cited two published studies asserting product effectiveness that were small, of short duration, reported no serious side effects, and did not disclose relationships between authors and the product manufacturer or that funding was received from the product manufacturer."</p> <p>The paper noted that at least three studies supported the safety and effectiveness for weight loss of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), which is an ingredient used in one of the reformulated Hydroxycut products, but "lack financial disclosures or funding sources, beyond mentioning that the CQ being tested was provided by" General Health Alliances, an herbal products manufacturer. The studies did not disclose that one of its authors was a chief scientific officer for GHA that holds a patent on a CQ product.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Unleash Your Slimmer Selfâ"Starting Now! | Wellbella" alt="Unleash Your Slimmer Selfâ"Starting Now! | Wellbella" src="http://www.wellbella.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WB0314-unleashslimmerself.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="The 3 Best Fat Burners of 2015 for Women" alt="The 3 Best Fat Burners of 2015 for Women" src="http://www.suppreviewers.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Hydroxycut-Hardcore-Elite.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><span><span>Official website</span></span></li> <li>FDA Letter to Iovate Health Sciences re: Hydroxycut. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 30 April 2009.</li> <li>Questions and answers: Hydroxycut, from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1KZVlpB">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycut">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-51169568331040862002015-07-09T17:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T17:29:13.318-07:00Salicylic Acid - White Willow Bark Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvRvmc4ktW-mkL3jvcDozWCQjlcgOUX7TX93jCFPxpterynXV19BhzuNPxvtkpc7q5vju8HDMjzosVNc88ir8rYpTbOcDd7Ktg3V0TsSbyhcUt5cWb1KUKYfphyphenhyphenrddpkC_MiYwWz0pg2A/s1600/White+Willow+Bark+Uses+-+Natures+Garden+Fragrance+Oils-753318.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvRvmc4ktW-mkL3jvcDozWCQjlcgOUX7TX93jCFPxpterynXV19BhzuNPxvtkpc7q5vju8HDMjzosVNc88ir8rYpTbOcDd7Ktg3V0TsSbyhcUt5cWb1KUKYfphyphenhyphenrddpkC_MiYwWz0pg2A/s320/White+Willow+Bark+Uses+-+Natures+Garden+Fragrance+Oils-753318.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169669649178199362" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_1000"><p><b>Salicylic acid</b> (from Latin <i>salix</i>, <i>willow tree</i>, from the bark of which the substance used to be obtained) is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a beta hydroxy acid. It has the formula C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. In addition to being an important active metabolite of aspirin (<i>acetylsalicylic acid</i>), which acts in part as a prodrug to salicylic acid, it is probably best known for its use as a key ingredient in topical anti-acne products. The salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as <b>salicylates</b>.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="White Willow Bark Uses - Natures Garden Fragrance Oils" alt="White Willow Bark Uses - Natures Garden Fragrance Oils" src="http://ngcblog.naturesgardencandles.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/white-willow-bark.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h2> <p>Salicylic acid has the formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)COOH, where the OH group is <i>ortho</i> to the carboxyl group. It is also known as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. It is poorly soluble in water (2 g/L at 20 °C). Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) can be prepared by the esterification of the phenolic hydroxyl group of salicylic acid with the acetyl group from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Plant_hormone">Plant hormone</span></h2> <p>Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic phytohormone and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake and transport. SA also induces specific changes in leaf anatomy and chloroplast structure. SA is involved in endogenous signaling, mediating in plant defense against pathogens. It plays a role in the resistance to pathogens by inducing the production of pathogenesis-related proteins. It is involved in the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in which a pathogenic attack on one part of the plant induces resistance in other parts. The signal can also move to nearby plants by salicylic acid being converted to the volatile ester, methyl salicylate.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Ingredients - Earthberry Botanicals | Earthberry Botanicals" alt="Ingredients - Earthberry Botanicals | Earthberry Botanicals" src="http://earthberrybotanicals.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Willow.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Production">Production</span></h2> <p>Salicylic acid is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine. In <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> it can also be synthesized via a phenylalanine-independent pathway.</p> <p>Sodium salicylate is commercially prepared by treating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt of phenol) with carbon dioxide at high pressure (100 atm) and high temperature (390K) -a method known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Acidification of the product with sulfuric acid gives salicylic acid:</p> <p>It can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) with a strong acid or base.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Leg Swelling Natural Home Remedies: Causes Of Swelling In Feet" alt="Leg Swelling Natural Home Remedies: Causes Of Swelling In Feet" src="http://www.herbco.com/images/Category/large/c-117-white-willow-bark.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>The Cherokee and other Native Americans used an infusion of the bark for fever and other medicinal purposes for centuries. The medicinal part of the plant is the inner bark and was used as a pain reliever for a variety of ailments. In 2014, archaeologists identified traces of salicylic acid on 7th century pottery fragments found in east central Colorado. The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever.</p> <p>The active extract of the bark, called <i>salicin</i>, after the Latin name for the white willow (<i>Salix alba</i>), was isolated and named by the German chemist Johann Andreas Buchner in 1828. A larger amount of the substance was isolated in 1829 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist. Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, was able to convert the substance into a sugar and a second component, which on oxidation becomes salicylic acid.</p> <p>Salicylic acid was also isolated from the herb meadowsweet (<i>Filipendula ulmaria</i>, formerly classified as <i>Spiraea ulmaria</i>) by German researchers in 1839. While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as gastric irritation, bleeding, diarrhea, and even death when consumed in high doses.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="How to Make Aspirin from a Willow Tree « Home Remedies" alt="How to Make Aspirin from a Willow Tree « Home Remedies" src="http://img.wonderhowto.com/img/76/89/63496528036824/0/make-aspirin-from-willow-tree.w654.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Dietary_sources">Dietary sources</span></h2> <p>Unripe fruits and vegetables are natural sources of salicylic acid, particularly blackberries, blueberries, cantaloupes, dates, grapes, kiwi fruits, guavas, apricots, green pepper, olives, tomatoes, radish and chicory; also mushrooms. Some herbs and spices contain quite high amounts, while meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products all have little to no salicylates. Of the legumes, seeds, nuts, and cereals, only almonds, water chestnuts and peanuts have significant amounts.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Remedies | Natural News" alt="Remedies | Natural News" src="http://remedies.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/willow-tree.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Medicinal_and_cosmetic_uses">Medicinal and cosmetic uses</span></h2> <p>Salicylic acid is known for its ability to ease aches and pains and reduce fevers. These medicinal properties, particularly fever relief, have been known since ancient times, and it is used as an anti-inflammatory drug.</p> <p>In modern medicine, salicylic acid and its derivatives are used as constituents of some rubefacient products. For example, methyl salicylate is used as a liniment to soothe joint and muscle pain, and choline salicylate is used topically to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers.</p> <p>As with other hydroxy acids, salicylic acid is a key ingredient in many skin-care products for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, acanthosis nigricans, ichthyosis, and warts. The standard treatment for calluses is a 6% aspirin suspension in petroleum jelly, applied on the callus for one hour and then removed with washing. Salicylic acid works as a keratolytic, comedolytic, and bacteriostatic agent, causing the cells of the epidermis to shed more readily, opening clogged pores and neutralizing bacteria within, preventing pores from clogging up again by constricting pore diameter, and allowing room for new cell growth. Because of its effect on skin cells, salicylic acid is used in several shampoos to treat dandruff. Use of concentrated solutions of salicylic acid may cause hyperpigmentation on unpretreated skin for those with darker skin types (Fitzpatrick phototypes IV, V, VI), as well as with the lack of use of a broad spectrum sunblock.</p> <p>Bismuth subsalicylate, a salt of bismuth and salicylic acid, is the active ingredient in stomach relief aids such as Pepto-Bismol, is the main ingredient of Kaopectate, and "displays anti-inflammatory action (due to salicylic acid) and also acts as an antacid and mild antibiotic."</p> <p>A 2004 article in <i>New Scientist</i> discussing the controversial idea of treating salicylates as micronutrients, "akin to vitamins and antioxidants," suggested that "perhaps in future we might even call salicylate 'vitamin S'."</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="3 Herbs to Naturally Help You Excel Your Workout Results| part 2 ..." alt="3 Herbs to Naturally Help You Excel Your Workout Results| part 2 ..." src="http://www.insearch4success.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/file5411309849793.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</span></h2> <p>Salicylic acid has been shown to work through several different pathways. It produces its anti-inflammatory effects via suppressing the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme that is responsible for the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as the prostaglandins. It does this not by direct inhibition of COX like most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) but instead by suppression of the expression of the enzyme (via a yet-unelucidated mechanism). Salicylic acid has also been shown to activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and it is thought that this action may play a role in the anticancer effects of the compound and its prodrugs aspirin and salsalate. In addition, the antidiabetic effects of salicylic acid are likely mediated by AMPK activation primarily through allosteric conformational change that increases levels of phosphorylation. Salicylic acid also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, which leads to increased ADP:ATP and AMP:ATP ratios in the cell. As a consequence, salicylic acid may alter AMPK activity and subsequently exert its anti-diabetic properties through altered energy status of the cell. Even in AMPK knock-out mice, however, there is an anti-diabetic effect, demonstrating that there is at least one additional, yet-unidentified action of the compound.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="100% natural forskolin coleus forskohlii extract China (Mainland ..." alt="100% natural forskolin coleus forskohlii extract China (Mainland ..." src="http://img.weiku.com//waterpicture/2012/6/16/4/Best_quality_white_Willow_Bark_extract_Salicin_10_15_25_50_80_98_HPLC_634759803662969879_1.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Other_uses">Other uses</span></h2> <p>Salicylic acid is used as a food preservative, a bactericidal, and an antiseptic.</p> <p>Sodium salicylate is a useful phosphor in the vacuum ultraviolet, with nearly flat quantum efficiency for wavelengths between 10 to 100 nm. It fluoresces in the blue at 420 nm. It is easily prepared on a clean surface by spraying a saturated solution of the salt in methanol followed by evaporation.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="101813488.jpg" alt="101813488.jpg" src="http://file2.answcdn.com/answ-cld/image/upload/w_726,c_fill,g_faces:center,q_60/v1/tk/view/getty/herbs/4d30bccf/101813488.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Safety">Safety</span></h2> <p>As a topical agent, and as a beta-hydroxy acid (and unlike alpha-hydroxy acids), salicylic acid is capable of penetrating and breaking down fats and lipids, making it capable of causing moderate chemical burns of the skin if at very high concentrations. It is capable of damaging the lining of pores in such cases if the solvent is alcohol, acetone, or an oil. Over-the-counter limits are set at 2% for topical left on the face and 3% for those expected to be washed off, such as acne cleansers or shampoo. Caution should be exercised when handling large volumes of salicylic acid, and protective gloves are recommended for any repeat, prolonged exposure. 17% and 27% salicylic acid, which is often sold for wart removal, should not be applied to the face and should not be used for acne treatment. Even for wart removal, such a solution should be applied twice a day - more frequent use may lead to an increase in side-effects without an increase in efficacy.</p> <p>When ingested, salicylic acid has a possible ototoxic effect by inhibiting prestin. It can induce transient hearing loss in zinc-deficient individuals. This finding is based on clinical studies with rats. An injection of salicylic acid induced hearing loss in zinc-deficient rats, while a simultaneous injection of zinc reversed the hearing loss. An injection of magnesium in the zinc-deficient rats did not reverse the salicylic acid-induced hearing loss.</p> <p>There are no studies specifically looking at topical salicylic acid in pregnancy. Oral salicylic acid has not been associated with an increase in malformations if used during the first trimester, but use of aspirin in late pregnancy has been associated with bleeding, especially intracranial bleeding. The risks of aspirin late in pregnancy are probably not relevant for a topical exposure to salicylic acid, even late in the pregnancy, because of its low systemic levels. Topical salicylic acid is common in many over-the-counter dermatological agents, and the lack of adverse reports suggests a low teratogenic potential.</p> <p>Salicylic acid overdose can lead to salicylate intoxication, which often presents clinically in a state of metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis. In patients presenting with an acute overdose, a 16% morbidity rate and a 1% mortality rate are observed.</p> <p>Some people are hypersensitive to salicylic acid and related compounds.</p> <p>The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends the use of sun protection when using skincare products containing salicylic acid (or any other BHA) on sun-exposed skin areas.</p> <p>There are data that support an association between exposure to salicylic acid and Reye's Syndrome. The National Reye's Syndrome Foundation cautions against the usage of these substances, and other substances similar to aspirin, on children and adolescents.</p> <p>Epidemiological research has shown an association between the development of Reye's Syndrome and the use of aspirin (a salicylate compound) for treating the symptoms of influenza-like illnesses, chicken pox, colds, etc.</p> <p>The U.S. Surgeon General, the FDA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that aspirin and combination products containing aspirin not be given to children under 19 years of age during episodes of fever-causing illnesses, because of a concern about Reye's Syndrome.</p> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li>Methyl salicylate</li> <li>Trolamine salicylate</li> <li>Salsalate</li> </ul> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Salicylic acid MS Spectrum</li> <li>Safety MSDS data</li> <li>International Chemical Safety Cards | CDC/NIOSH</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1HmVq11">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-7073538409971207302015-07-09T16:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T16:30:27.682-07:00Weight Cutting - Weight Loss Teas That Work<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ0pqmiaSwoZF5BOUmJMZydWw3cnapCWrRqpjx2SrDufqGHoj_yyKB4EKyru-sb6mGC5GUkQZxuMxojHtydf08Aqld8rV0EStws06S2dWXFz5w3M-Er51feBC7XV4aQTXCqAoRBQdkZIU/s1600/Yo+Chi+Tea+-+Weight+Loss+Tea+-+Detox+Tea-727683.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ0pqmiaSwoZF5BOUmJMZydWw3cnapCWrRqpjx2SrDufqGHoj_yyKB4EKyru-sb6mGC5GUkQZxuMxojHtydf08Aqld8rV0EStws06S2dWXFz5w3M-Er51feBC7XV4aQTXCqAoRBQdkZIU/s320/Yo+Chi+Tea+-+Weight+Loss+Tea+-+Detox+Tea-727683.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169654505467026546" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_5923"><p><b>Weight cutting</b> is the practice of fast weight loss prior to a sporting competition. It most frequently happens in order to qualify for a lower weight class (usually in combat sports, where weight is a significant advantage) or in sports where it is advantageous to weigh as little as possible (most notably equestrian sports). There are two types of weight cutting: One method is to lose weight in the form of fat and muscle in the weeks prior to an event; the other is to lose weight in the form of water in the final days before competition.</p> <p>Nutritional experts will rarely give advice on how to cut weight safely or effectively, and will simply recommend against cutting weight at all. However, many athletes choose to do it because they wish to gain an advantage in their sport.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Yo Chi Tea - Weight Loss Tea - Detox Tea" alt="Yo Chi Tea - Weight Loss Tea - Detox Tea" src="http://www.yochitea.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/weight-loss-tea-yochi-tea.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Dieting">Dieting</span></h2> <p>In addition to improving performance through healthy eating, some athletes will seek to lose weight through dieting and aerobic exercise. By losing fat they hope to achieve a higher "strength to mass ratio" or "lean weight." This means more muscle and less fat, and should theoretically give them an advantage against other athletes of the same weight.</p> <p>Healthy weight loss can be seen as a positive effect of participation in sports, but reducing body fat too greatly can cause health problems. Athletes should try to maintain their body fat at the lowest healthy level to achieve their best performance.</p> <p>Athletes at the elite level will sometimes attempt to temporarily lower their body fat to unhealthy levels to give themselves an edge in important competitions. Afterwards they will regain the lost fat, and return to their normal training weight. This technique should not be attempted without knowledge of periodization and the help of a knowledgeable coach and medical advice.</p> <p>Children and teenagers should be cautioned to avoid losing weight at excessive quick rates or to excessively low levels the way adult athletes may choose to. Young bodies require additional nutrients to grow. Weight-cutting techniques can interfere with healthy physical development.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Muscle_loss">Muscle loss</span></h2> <p>Although it may be extremely difficult, it is possible to retain muscle while losing fat.</p> <p>Some athletes desiring rapid weight loss may choose to sacrifice muscle mass by eating a low protein diet. However, most athletes are interested in maximizing fat loss while minimizing muscle loss.</p> <p>The best way to minimize muscle loss while losing weight is through resistance training. If emphasis is being placed on aerobic training, resistance training will be a smaller part of the athlete's training program, promoting greater muscle loss. Muscle growth cannot be expected unless emphasis is placed on resistance training, but muscle loss can at least be slowed. After a period of weight loss, athletes may wish to do a period of weight training to recover lost muscle.</p> <p>The athlete should remember to eat protein at all meals, especially before aerobic exercise. This will help slow muscle loss. Some athletes may choose to use supplements to minimize muscle loss; Glutamine is a popular choice.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Aichun Weight loss Green tea Slimming Gel Cream Full-body fat ..." alt="Aichun Weight loss Green tea Slimming Gel Cream Full-body fat ..." src="http://g03.s.alicdn.com/kf/HTB18mZGGVXXXXaAXVXXq6xXFXXXa/220611458/HTB18mZGGVXXXXaAXVXXq6xXFXXXa.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Dehydration">Dehydration</span></h2> <p>About 65% of the human body is made of water under normal conditions. This makes it tempting for athletes to temporarily lose weight through dehydration prior to weigh-ins. This weight can then be rapidly regained immediately afterwards.</p> <p>A good rule of thumb for most athletes is to lose no more than 5% of their total body weight through dehydration. Athletes at an elite level often lose more than this. It should not be attempted without a knowledgeable coach and medical supervision.</p> <p>Immediately before weigh-ins, athletes can put on warm clothes and engage in aerobic exercise to make themselves sweat. Garbage bags can be worn against the skin to eliminate cooling through sweat evaporation.</p> <p>Some athletes choose to sit in a sauna so that they can sweat without wasting energy. Another technique is to chew gum to induce salivation, then to spit out the saliva instead of swallowing it.</p> <p>Athletes should remember to urinate and defecate as this is an easy way to reduce weight. Some athletes may choose to take diuretics and laxatives to aid in this. Some diuretics are banned by the WADA in events such as the Olympics as they mask Steroid detection in post drug tests, and some may also have harmful effects on the body.</p> <p>Losing weight through dehydration is not recommended, as it may lead to decreased performance, and, more importantly, serious injury or death.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Chlorogen 800 Review | Green Tea Fat Burners" alt="Chlorogen 800 Review | Green Tea Fat Burners" src="http://greenteafatburners.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/chlorogen800-burn-fat.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Rehydration">Rehydration</span></h2> <p>After weigh-ins, athletes should immediately begin rehydration. Some sporting events hold weigh-ins on the day before competition; others hold weigh-ins on the same day, only hours before competition. This is often done to discourage excessive weight cutting.</p> <p>Athletes should continuously sip liquid containing carbs, protein, and sodium until they compete. Many athletes are told not to eat too much food all at once for this will lead to upset stomach. A small amount of food can be eaten once every hour before competition, and no later than 3 hours before an event starts. Rehydration cannot be achieved in a single sitting, as the body can only be rehydrated at a rate of 1.5 litres per hour (3.3 lb/h).</p> <p>The best drink for rehydration is not pure water. The body requires electrolytes in order to retain water. An oral rehydration solution is the best choice. Sports drinks also work, but contain excessive sugar that may negatively affect performance. Another possible choice is vegetable juices and water. A popular rehydration drink among athletes is Pedialyte, due to its low sugar levels.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="2015 Custom Service Organic Detox Tea/weight Loss Tea - Buy ..." alt="2015 Custom Service Organic Detox Tea/weight Loss Tea - Buy ..." src="http://g02.s.alicdn.com/kf/HTB15UNvHXXXXXalXpXXq6xXFXXXV/201005475/HTB15UNvHXXXXXalXpXXq6xXFXXXV.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li>Human weight</li> <li>Weight loss</li> <li>Eating disorder</li> <li>Dieting</li> <li>Healthy eating</li> <li>Dehydration</li> <li>Rehydration</li> <li>Aerobic exercise</li> <li>Strength training</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="How Does Detox Tea Work? - Organic Tea Detox" alt="How Does Detox Tea Work? - Organic Tea Detox" src="http://organicteadetox.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/how-does-detox-tea-work.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1ErQru0">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_cutting">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-70243093470084455912015-07-09T16:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T16:29:22.237-07:00Anti-obesity Medication - Good Weight Loss Supplements<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT6zwwmEZjMDqRjuqltCQdmyoBmE3OnJgeVokqNKd7iVxkV1umqoX3sq5JTpjkYsq9W_2X4aVLKSli6vIFCwRrj_-lfyxAdhVnpFxmY1qvKFsGQ8Vst0nsNRC_SxSnx8qQ9xKElzaw7Ms/s1600/find-the-best-weight-loss-+...-762237.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT6zwwmEZjMDqRjuqltCQdmyoBmE3OnJgeVokqNKd7iVxkV1umqoX3sq5JTpjkYsq9W_2X4aVLKSli6vIFCwRrj_-lfyxAdhVnpFxmY1qvKFsGQ8Vst0nsNRC_SxSnx8qQ9xKElzaw7Ms/s320/find-the-best-weight-loss-+...-762237.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169654227619284306" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_7253"><p><b>Anti-obesity medication</b> or weight loss drugs are all pharmacological agents that reduce or control weight. These drugs alter one of the fundamental processes of the human body, weight regulation, by altering either appetite, or absorption of calories. The main treatment modalities for overweight and obese individuals remain dieting and physical exercise.</p> <p>In the United States only one anti-obesity medication orlistat (Xenical) is currently approved by the FDA for long term use. It reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Rimonabant (Acomplia), a second drug, works via a specific blockade of the endocannabinoid system. It has been developed from the knowledge that cannabis smokers often experience hunger, which is often referred to as "the munchies". It had been approved in Europe for the treatment of obesity but has not received approval in the United States or Canada due to safety concerns. The European Medicines Agency in October 2008 recommended the suspension of the sale of rimonabant as the risks seem to be greater than the benefits. Sibutramine (Meridia), which acts in the brain to inhibit deactivation of the neurotransmitters, thereby decreasing appetite was withdrawn from the United States and Canadian markets in October 2010 due to cardiovascular concerns.</p> <p>Because of potential side effects, it is recommended that anti-obesity drugs only be prescribed for obesity where it is hoped that the benefits of the treatment outweigh its risks.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="find-the-best-weight-loss- ..." alt="find-the-best-weight-loss- ..." src="http://lunar.thegamez.net/gainweight/weight-loss-supplements-for-women/find-the-best-weight-loss-pills-for-women-best-weight-loss-supplement-960x720.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Mechanisms_of_action">Mechanisms of action</span></h2> <p>Current and potential anti-obesity drugs may operate through one or more of the following mechanisms:</p> <ul><li>Appetite suppression-Catecholamines and their derivatives (such as phentermine and other amphetamine-based drugs) are the main tools used for this, although other classes of drugs such as anti-depressants and mood stabilizers have been anecdotally used for appetite suppression (see: bupropion and topiramate). Drugs blocking the cannabinoid receptors may be a future strategy for appetite suppression.</li> <li>Increase of the body's metabolism.</li> <li>Interference with the body's ability to absorb specific nutrients in food. For example, Orlistat (also known as Xenical and Alli) blocks fat breakdown and thereby prevents fat absorption. The OTC fiber supplements glucomannan and guar gum have been used for the purpose of inhibiting digestion and lowering caloric absorption</li> </ul><p>Anorectics are primarily intended to suppress the appetite, but most of the drugs in this class also act as stimulants (e.g., dexedrine), and patients have abused drugs "off label" to suppress appetite (e.g. digoxin).</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="History">History</span></h2> <p>The first described attempts at producing weight loss are those of Soranus of Ephesus, a Greek physician, in the second century AD. He prescribed elixirs of laxatives and purgatives, as well as heat, massage, and exercise. This remained the mainstay of treatment for well over a thousand years. It was not until the 1920s and 1930s that new treatments began to appear. Based on its effectiveness for hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone became a popular treatment for obesity in euthyroid people. It had a modest effect but produced the symptoms of hyperthyroidism as a side effect, such as palpitations and difficulty sleeping. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) was introduced in 1933; this worked by uncoupling the biological process of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, causing them to produce heat instead of ATP. The most significant side effect was a sensation of warmth, frequently with sweating. Overdose, although rare, lead to a rise in body temperature and, ultimately, fatal hyperthermia. By the end of 1938 DNP had fallen out of use because the FDA had become empowered to put pressure on manufacturers, who voluntarily withdrew it from the market.</p> <p>Amphetamines (marketed as Benzedrine) became popular for weight loss during the late 1930s. They worked primarily by suppressing appetite, and had other beneficial effects such as increased alertness. Use of amphetamines increased over the subsequent decades, including Obetrol and culminating in the "rainbow pill" regime. This was a combination of multiple pills, all thought to help with weight loss, taken throughout the day. Typical regimens included stimulants, such as amphetamines, as well as thyroid hormone, diuretics, digitalis, laxatives, and often a barbiturate to suppress the side effects of the stimulants. In 1967/1968 a number of deaths attributed to diet pills triggered a Senate investigation and the gradual implementation of greater restrictions on the market. This culminating in 1979 with the FDA banning the use of amphetamines, then the most effective of the diet drugs, in diet pills.</p> <p>Meanwhile, phentermine had been FDA approved in 1959 and fenfluramine in 1973. The two were no more popular than other drugs until in 1992 a researcher reported that when combined the two caused a 10% weight loss which was maintained for more than two years. <i>Fen-phen</i> was born and rapidly became the most commonly prescribed diet medication. Dexfenfluramine (Redux) was developed in the mid-1990s as an alternative to fenfluramine with less side-effects, and received regulatory approval in 1996. However, this coincided with mounting evidence that the combination could cause valvular heart disease in up to 30% of those who had taken it, leading to withdrawal of Fen-phen and dexfenfluramine from the market in September 1997.</p> <p>Ephedra was removed from the US market in 2004 over concerns that it raises blood pressure and could lead to strokes and death.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight loss smoothies. Best weight loss pills without side effects" alt="Weight loss smoothies. Best weight loss pills without side effects" src="http://slimmingpills032.devhub.com/img/upload/best-slimming-pills-photo.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Contemporary_anti-obesity_drugs">Contemporary anti-obesity drugs</span></h2> <p>Some patients find that diet and exercise is not a viable option; for these patients, anti-obesity drugs can be a last resort. Some prescription weight loss drugs are stimulants, which are recommended only for short-term use, and thus are of limited usefulness for extremely obese patients, who may need to reduce weight over months or years.</p> <h3><span id="Orlistat">Orlistat</span></h3> <p>Orlistat (Xenical) reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Some side-effects of using Orlistat include frequent, oily bowel movements (steatorrhea). But if fat in the diet is reduced, symptoms often improve. Originally available only by prescription, it was approved by the FDA for over-the-counter sale in February 2007. On 26 May 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a revised label for Xenical to include new safety information about cases of severe liver injury that have been reported rarely with the use of this medication. Of the 40 million users of Orlistat worldwide, 13 cases of severe liver damage have been reported.</p> <h3><span id="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</span></h3> <p>Lorcaserin (Belviq) was approved June 28, 2012 for obesity with other co-morbidities. The average weight loss by study participants was modest, but the most common side effects of the drug are considered benign.</p> <p>An excerpt from the Bloom 1 Study conducted by Arena Pharmaceuticals and later submitted for FDA approval:</p> <blockquote> <p>At the end of Year 1 of the BLOOM trial, using Intent-to-Treat with Last Observation Carried Forward analysis (ITT-LOCF), the proportion of patients achieving at least 5% body weight loss in the lorcaserin group (47.5%) was more than twice that achieved by the placebo group (20.3%). Nearly three times as many patients achieved at least 10% weight loss in the lorcaserin group (22.6%) than in the placebo group (7.7%). Lorcaserin patients who completed the first year of the trial according to the protocol lost an average of 8.2% of their baseline weight, or approximately 18 pounds, at the end of Year 1 as compared to approximately 7 pounds in the placebo group. In Year 2, patients who continued to take lorcaserin were significantly better able to maintain their Year 1 weight loss than those who were switched to placebo.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>In Year 1, lorcaserin caused significant decreases in waist circumference, BMI, glycemic parameters, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels compared to placebo. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels at Year 1 were significantly lower in the lorcaserin group than in the placebo group. Lorcaserin did not increase heart rate or blood pressure; rather, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure decreased slightly but significantly with lorcaserin treatment compared to placebo. Quality of life, measured by the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite questionnaire, improved in both treatment groups, with a greater improvement in the lorcaserin group than in the placebo group.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>At the end of Year 1, 55.4% of patients in the lorcaserin group and 45.1% of patients in the placebo group remained enrolled in the study, and 7.1% and 6.7% of patients, respectively, discontinued the study due to an adverse event. Among the most frequent adverse events reported with lorcaserin were headache (18.0% vs. 11.0%, lorcaserin vs. placebo); dizziness (8.2% vs. 3.8%); and nausea (7.5% vs. 5.4%). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in both treatment groups. The rates of depression and the incidence of anxiety and suicidal thoughts were low in both treatment groups. Lorcaserin caused no significant increase compared to placebo in the incidence of new cardiac valvulopathy.</p> </blockquote> <h3><span id="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</span></h3> <p>Sibutramine (Reductil or Meridia) is an anorectic or appetite suppressant, reducing the desire to eat. Sibutramine may increase blood pressure and may cause dry mouth, constipation, headache, and insomnia.</p> <p>In the past, it was noted by the US that Meridia was a harmless drug for fighting obesity. The US District Court of the Northern District of Ohio rejected 113 cases complaining about the negative effects of the drug, stating that the clients lacked supporting facts and that the representatives involved were not qualified enough.</p> <p>Sibutramine has been withdrawn from the market in the United States, the UK, the EU, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong and Colombia. Its risks (non-life-threatening myocardial infarction and stroke) have been shown to outweigh the benefits.</p> <h3><span id="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</span></h3> <p>Rimonabant (Acomplia) is a recently developed anti-obesity medication. It is a cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist that acts centrally on the brain thus decreasing appetite. It may also act peripherally by increasing thermogenesis and therefore increasing energy expenditure.</p> <p>Weight loss with Rimonabant however has not been shown to be greater than other available weight-loss medication. Due to safety concerns, primarily psychiatric in nature, the drug has not received approval in the United States or Canada, either as an anti-obesity treatment or as a smoking-cessation drug.</p> <p>Sanofi-Aventis has received approval to market Rimonabant as a prescription anti-obesity drug in the European Union, subject to some restrictions. However, in October 2008, the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) recommended that Acomplia no longer be available in UK. One month later, Sanofi-Aventis decided it would no longer study rimonabant for any indication.</p> <h3><span id="Metformin">Metformin</span></h3> <p>In people with Diabetes mellitus type 2, the drug metformin (Glucophage) can reduce weight. Metformin limits the amount of glucose that is produced by the liver as well as increases muscle consumption of glucose. It also helps in increasing our body's response to insulin.</p> <h3><span id="Exenatide">Exenatide</span></h3> <p>Exenatide (Byetta) is a long-acting analogue of the hormone GLP-1, which the intestines secrete in response to the presence of food. Among other effects, GLP-1 delays gastric emptying and promotes a feeling of satiety. Some obese people are deficient in GLP-1, and dieting reduces GLP-1 further. Byetta is currently available as a treatment for Diabetes mellitus type 2. Some, but not all, patients find that they lose substantial weight when taking Byetta. Drawbacks of Byetta include that it must be injected subcutaneously twice daily, and that it causes severe nausea in some patients, especially when therapy is initiated. Byetta is recommended only for patients with Type 2 Diabetes. A somewhat similar drug, Symlin, is currently available for treating diabetes and is in testing for treating obesity in non-diabetics.</p> <h3><span id="Pramlintide">Pramlintide</span></h3> <p>Pramlintide (Symlin) is a synthetic analogue of the hormone Amylin, which in normal people is secreted by the pancreas in response to eating. Among other effects, Amylin delays gastric emptying and promotes a feeling of satiety. Many diabetics are deficient in Amylin. Currently, Symlin is only approved to be used along with insulin by Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics. However, Symlin is currently being tested in non-diabetics as a treatment for obesity. A drawback is that Symlin must be injected at mealtimes.</p> <h3><span id="Other_drugs">Other drugs</span></h3> <p>Other weight loss drugs have also been associated with medical complications, such as fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage due to Redux and Fen-phen, and hemorrhagic stroke due phenylpropanolamine. Many of these substances are related to amphetamine.</p> <p>Unresearched nonprescription products or programs for weight loss are heavily promoted by mail and print advertising and on the internet. The US Food and Drug Administration recommends caution with use of these products, since many of the claims of safety and effectiveness are unsubstantiated. Individuals with anorexia nervosa and some athletes try to control body weight with laxatives, diet pills or diuretic drugs, although these generally have no impact on body fat. Products that work as a laxative can cause the blood's potassium level to drop, which may cause heart and/or muscle problems. Pyruvate is a popular product that may result in a small amount of weight loss. However, pyruvate, which is found in red apples, cheese, and red wine, has not been thoroughly studied and its weight loss potential has not been scientifically established.</p> <h3><span id="Phentermine.2Ftopiramate">Phentermine/topiramate</span></h3> <p>The combination of phentermine and topiramate, brand name Qsymia (formerly Qnexa) was approved by the U.S. FDA on July 17, 2012, as an obestity treatment complementary to a diet and exercise regimen.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss, Fitness, Health, Nutrition - Eatohealth" alt="Weight Loss, Fitness, Health, Nutrition - Eatohealth" src="http://eatohealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/weight-loss-diet.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</span></h2> <p>Some supplements and alternative medicine have insufficient evidence to support or oppose their use.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="natural-weight-loss-tips- ..." alt="natural-weight-loss-tips- ..." src="http://cdn.vkool.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/natural-weight-loss-tips-without-exercise-natural-weight-loss-code.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Side_effects">Side effects</span></h2> <p>Some anti-obesity drugs can have severe, even, lethal side effects, fen-phen being a famous example. Fen-phen was reported through the FDA to cause abnormal echocardiograms, heart valve problems, and rare valvular diseases. One of, if not the first, to sound alarms was Sir Arthur MacNalty, Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom). As early as the 1930s, he warned against the use of dinitrophenol as an anti-obesity medication and the injudicious and/or medically unsupervised use of thyroid hormone to achieve weight reduction. The side effects are often associated with the medication's mechanism of action. In general, stimulants carry a risk of high blood pressure, faster heart rate, palpitations, closed-angle glaucoma, drug addiction, restlessness, agitation, and insomnia.</p> <p>Another drug, orlistat, blocks absorption of dietary fats, and as a result may cause oily spotting bowel movements (steatorrhea), oily stools, stomach pain, and flatulence. A similar medication designed for patients with Type 2 diabetes is Acarbose; which partially blocks absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine, and produces similar side effects including stomach pain and flatulence.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="best-benefits-of-liquid-diet- ..." alt="best-benefits-of-liquid-diet- ..." src="http://contentinjection.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/best-benefits-of-liquid-diet-weight-loss.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Limitations_of_current_knowledge">Limitations of current knowledge</span></h2> <p>The limitation of drugs for obesity is that we do not fully understand the neural basis of appetite and how to modulate it. Appetite is clearly a very important instinct to promote survival. Arguably any drug that would abolish appetite may carry a high mortality risk and may be unsuitable for clinical use.</p> <p>Because the human body uses various chemicals and hormones to protect its stores of fat (a reaction probably useful to our ancestors when food was scarce in the past,) there has not yet been found a 'silver bullet', or a way to completely circumvent this natural habit of protecting excess food stores. Because of this, anti-obesity drugs are not presently a practical long-term solution for people who are overweight.</p> <p>In order to circumvent the number of feedback mechanisms that prevent most monotherapies from producing sustained large amounts of weight loss, it has been hypothesized that combinations of drugs may be more effective by targeting multiple pathways and possibly inhibiting feedback pathways that work to cause a plateau in weight loss. This was evidenced by the success of the combination of phentermine and fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine, popularly referred to phen-fen, in producing significant weight loss but fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine were pulled from the market due to safety fears regarding a potential link to heart valve damage. The damage was found to be a result of activity of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine at the 5-HT2B serotonin receptor in heart valves. Newer combinations of SSRIs and phentermine, known as phenpro, have been used with equal efficiency as fenphen with no known heart valve damage due to lack of activity at this particular serotonin receptor due to SSRIs. There has been a recent resurgence in combination therapy clinical development with the development of 3 combinations: Qsymia (topiramate + phentermine), Empatic (bupropion + zonisamide) and Contrave (bupropion + naltrexone).</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Best Slim 100% Natural Weight Loss Pills" alt="Best Slim 100% Natural Weight Loss Pills" src="http://www.findfunshop.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/b/e/best_slim_pills.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Future_developments">Future developments</span></h2> <p>Other classes of drugs in development include lipase inhibitors, similar to orlistat. Another lipase inhibitor, called GT 389-255, was being developed by Peptimmune (licensed from Genzyme). This was a novel combination of an inhibitor and a polymer designed to bind the undigested triglycerides therefore allowing increased fat expulsion without side effects such as oily stools that occur with orlistat. The development stalled as Phase 1 trials were conducted in 2004 and there was no further human clinical development afterward. In 2011, Peptimmune filed for Chapter 7 Liquidation.</p> <p>Another potential long-term approach to anti-obesity medication is through the development of ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi). Animal studies have illustrated that the deletion of the RIP140 gene in mice by genetic knockdown results in the lack of fat accumulation, even when mice are fed a high fat diet. Similarly, another nuclear hormone receptor co-repressor, SMRT, has demonstrated an opposing effect in genetically engineered mice. Dr. Russell Nofsinger and Dr. Ronald Evans of the Salk Institute showed that disruption of the molecular interaction between SMRT and their nuclear hormone receptor partners leads to increased adiposity and a decreased metabolic rate. These studies suggest that new drugs targeting the molecular interaction between nuclear hormone receptors and their regulatory cofactors could provide a useful new category of therapeutic targets to be developed in an effort to control obesity.</p> <p>Another approach is to induce a sense of satiety by occupying space in the gastric and intestinal cavities. One clinical trial involves a hydrogel (Gelesis) made of indigestible, food-grade materials. Another pilot study uses pseudobezoars.</p> <p>Other drugs in clinical trials as of October 2009 include Cetilistat and TM38837.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Natural-Weight-Loss- ..." alt="Natural-Weight-Loss- ..." src="http://dietxnutrition.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Natural-Weight-Loss-Supplements.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li>Weight loss effects of water</li> </ul><center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="DIET WHAT IT REALLY MEANS!!!!!!!!: Shortcut to weight loss...are ..." alt="DIET WHAT IT REALLY MEANS!!!!!!!!: Shortcut to weight loss...are ..." src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN515otAz0aTogj3DKW0_91noU0hcEtZzeI43tCUUs20WdBI5J5-uv0mdhGymMjknH_FQBneOuZGxTb5No6CgKmPDyFaWrIzj2Bguvi52xKIflV2xF-sUIjt4CSSq7JwjOAyCbPeqfsYYJ/s1600/weight-loss-supplements.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <p><span>Boss, Olivier; Karl G. Hofbauer (2004). <i>Pharmacotherapy of obesity: options and alternatives</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-30321-4.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-obesity+medication&rft.au=Boss%2C+Olivier%3B+Karl+G.+Hofbauer&rft.aulast=Boss%2C+Olivier%3B+Karl+G.+Hofbauer&rft.btitle=Pharmacotherapy+of+obesity%3A+options+and+alternatives&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-30321-4&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span> </span></span></p> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Prescription Medications for the Treatment of Obesity</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1Eszdg8">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-19265103803602862032015-07-09T15:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T15:30:07.731-07:00Phentermine/topiramate - Free Weight Loss Clinical Trials<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEZsnlp9lUHyxlKw6NZBr1ETVGZ8-b30fyLwIko5XP5MuEWLCx-HzbrtCYIJxaKnVH9HdUFBwoyNPZVe7mg5UQQzs9zqvG8XFNHP1qUi_HEZoOdK0xbKmvB1k9KokaZEbfH4tqfpIZ-N0/s1600/Anti-obesity+Medication+-+New+Weight+Loss+Pill+Approved+By+Fda+...-707732.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEZsnlp9lUHyxlKw6NZBr1ETVGZ8-b30fyLwIko5XP5MuEWLCx-HzbrtCYIJxaKnVH9HdUFBwoyNPZVe7mg5UQQzs9zqvG8XFNHP1qUi_HEZoOdK0xbKmvB1k9KokaZEbfH4tqfpIZ-N0/s320/Anti-obesity+Medication+-+New+Weight+Loss+Pill+Approved+By+Fda+...-707732.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169638957363631970" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_4361"><p>The combination of the drugs <b>phentermine and topiramate</b> extended-release (ER) (trade name <b>Qsymia</b> <span title="English pronunciation respelling"><i>kyoo-sim-<b><span><span><span>EE</span></span></span></b>-uh</i></span>) is a medication used for weight loss. In clinical trials, phentermine/topiramate ER was associated with modest but statistically significant weight loss when compared with placebo. This weight loss was associated with improvements in weight-related comorbidities such as improved glycemia, decreased blood pressure, and improved cholesterol.</p> <p>Phentermine/topiramate ER was developed by Vivus, Inc., a California pharmaceutical company. Phentermine is a sympathomimetic amine which acts as an appetite suppressant and stimulant. Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that has weight loss side effects. The exact mechanism of action for both drugs is unknown.</p> <p>In 2012 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved phentermine/topiramate ER as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in adults with an initial body mass index (BMI) of at least 30 kg/m², or at least 27 kg/m² (overweight) in the presence of at least one weight-related comorbidity such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia. Phentermine/topiramate ER is available in certified retail pharmacies nationwide and also available through a certified mail-order pharmacy network. Approval was denied by European regulatory authorities, who cited potential risk to the heart and blood vessels, psychiatric side effects, and cognitive side effects in explaining their decision.</p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Anti-obesity Medication - New Weight Loss Pill Approved By Fda ..." alt="Anti-obesity Medication - New Weight Loss Pill Approved By Fda ..." src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwL139NA5gqTRTbPntELD0DMDDWt-__ogsO6Y8oL-FlWNarqvnCT816EyaU0Tz21G30w6cVOJiqNBANDx5DPE6pgPThXQLjuNG3R0CP5f65rKYtnL_B2AYAgEs-l7HbBYj5AlU0svhB0Q/s1600/Slide96.JPG" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</span></h2> <p>In clinical trials, people treated with the highest dose of phentermine/topiramate ER in combination with a program of diet and exercise lost 10% to 11% of their body weight compared to 1% to 2% for those who received placebo. In addition, 62% to 70% of subjects receiving the recommended dose or top dose of phentermine/topiramate ER achieved >=5% weight by week 56 (ITT-LOCF) compared to 17% to 21% of those receiving a sugar pill.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</span></h2> <p>In clinical trials, the most common adverse events which occurred at a rate >=5% and >=1.5 times placebo included paraesthesia (tingling in fingers/toes), dizziness, dysgeusia (altered taste), insomnia, constipation, and dry mouth.</p> <p>In the U.S., the drug label contains warnings for increased heart rate, suicidal behavior and ideation, glaucoma, mood and sleep disorders, creatine elevation, and metabolic acidosis. Some of these warnings are based on historical observations in epilepsy patients taking topiramate. The FDA is requiring the company to perform a post-approval cardiovascular outcomes trial, due in part to the observation of increased heart rate in some people taking the drug in clinical trials.</p> <h3><span id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</span></h3> <p>Phentermine/topiramate ER can cause fetal harm. Data from pregnancy registries and epidemiology studies indicate that a fetus exposed to topiramate in the first trimester of pregnancy has an increased risk of oral clefts (cleft lip with or without cleft palate). If a patient becomes pregnant while taking phentermine/topiramate ER, treatment should be discontinued immediately, and the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus. Females of reproductive potential should have a negative pregnancy test before starting phentermine/topiramate ER and monthly thereafter during phentermine/topiramate ER therapy. Females of reproductive potential should use effective contraception during phentermine/topiramate ER therapy.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Hutzel Women's Hospital - Weight Loss Surgery Michigan | Loss ..." alt="Hutzel Women's Hospital - Weight Loss Surgery Michigan | Loss ..." src="http://drellen.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/shutterstock_144402991.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Contraindications">Contraindications</span></h2> <p>Phentermine/topiramate ER is contraindicated in pregnancy, glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, during or within 14 days of taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and in patients with hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy to sympathomimetic amines. Phentermine/topiramate ER can cause an increase in resting heart rate.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Contrave, Newest Weight-Loss Option: FAQs" alt="Contrave, Newest Weight-Loss Option: FAQs" src="http://img.medscape.com/news/2014/dt_140618_obese_overweight_fat_800x600.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Risk_Evaluation_and_Mitigation_Strategy_.28REMS.29">Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS)</span></h2> <p>Phentermine/topiramate ER was approved with a REMS program to ensure that benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. Because of the teratogenic risk associated with phentermine/topiramate ER therapy, phentermine/topiramate ER is distributed via certified pharmacies.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Rajiv Narayan" alt="Rajiv Narayan" src="http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2014-09-12-369small.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Approval_history">Approval history</span></h2> <p>In December 2009 VIVUS, Inc. submitted a new drug application (NDA) to the FDA and on March 1, 2010, VIVUS, Inc. announced that the FDA accepted the NDA for review.</p> <p>In October 2010, the FDA announced its decision to not approve phentermine/topiramate ER in its current form and issued a Complete Response Letter (CRL) to VIVUS due to lack of long-term data and concerns about side effects including elevated heart rate, major adverse cardiovascular events, and birth defects.</p> <p>The FDA expressed concerns about the potential for phentermine/topiramate ER to cause birth defects and requested that Vivus assess the feasibility of analyzing existing healthcare databases to determine the historical incidence of oral cleft in offspring of women treated with topiramate for migraine prophylaxis (100 mg).</p> <p>In October 2011, VIVUS resubmitted the NDA to the FDA with responses to the issues addressed in the CRL. The FDA accepted the NDA in November 2011.</p> <p>On September 18, 2012, Qsymia became available on the US market.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Weight Loss - Profiles Laser and Medical Aesthetics in ..." alt="Weight Loss - Profiles Laser and Medical Aesthetics in ..." src="http://www.profileslaser.com/images/s-weight-loss-fb-banner.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Opinion: The search for a magic weight-loss pill continues ..." alt="Opinion: The search for a magic weight-loss pill continues ..." src="http://wpmedia.montrealgazette.com/2015/01/a-man-and-a-woman-wait-at-a-tram-stop-in.jpg?quality=55&strip=all&w=840&h=630&crop=1" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1EuPuBq">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentermine/topiramate">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-16476557960391222912015-07-09T15:29:00.001-07:002015-07-09T15:29:09.786-07:00Chris Powell (personal Trainer) - Personal Trainer Weight Loss Program<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH0JmSS-Btv1gYkX21ejl1xwUUW0YsaHn6R4YJeHBrOZzQ73XJvSWPjMaHz7rbVlZx1qTJKBtoqfyLzX8iKNqVfqOPRLnI3MUhUx7M7EsjnNbFaZk-HlLiy8d2tXwTwgcWgsZBa4vepR4/s1600/Kansas+City+Personal+Training+-+Diana+Chaloux+LaCerte-749787.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH0JmSS-Btv1gYkX21ejl1xwUUW0YsaHn6R4YJeHBrOZzQ73XJvSWPjMaHz7rbVlZx1qTJKBtoqfyLzX8iKNqVfqOPRLnI3MUhUx7M7EsjnNbFaZk-HlLiy8d2tXwTwgcWgsZBa4vepR4/s320/Kansas+City+Personal+Training+-+Diana+Chaloux+LaCerte-749787.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169638706673993570" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_4260"><p><b>Christopher</b> "<b>Chris</b>" <b>Powell</b> (born March 2, 1978) is an American personal trainer, reality show personality, talk show host, and author. Powell is best known for his appearances on the ABC television series <i>Extreme Weight Loss</i>, formerly known as <i>Extreme Makeover: Weight Loss Edition</i>.</p> <p></p> <p></p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Kansas City Personal Training - Diana Chaloux LaCerte" alt="Kansas City Personal Training - Diana Chaloux LaCerte" src="http://hitchfitgym.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Sherry-B.-Before-and-After-Side.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Biography">Biography</span></h2> <p>Powell was born on March 2, 1978 in Arizona. At age 14 he was the smallest kid in school. He took up weightlifting after encouragement from his parents. He attended Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona and received a degree in Exercise Science, with concentrations in biomechanics and physiology. He has a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) certification.</p> <p>Powell is the host and a personal trainer on <i>Extreme Weight Loss</i>, a U.S. reality television series. He has been on the show since 2011. Powell has also appeared in Extreme Weight Loss DVDs and is the author of two books: <i>Choose to Lose: The 7-Day Carb Cycle Solution</i> and <i>Chris Powell's Choose More Lose More for Life</i>. He has appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show, 20/20, The View, and in a one-hour documentary that aired on TLC.</p> <p>In 2008 Powell helped David Smith lose 400 pounds and together they co-founded the web-based weight-loss program ReshapeTheNation.com. Powell also contributes to Good Morning Arizona, Good Morning America, and has a series of webisodes called "Meet the Powell Pack."</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Personal_life">Personal life</span></h2> <p>Powell's wife Heidi Powell has two children from a previous marriage, and Chris and Heidi have two children together.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="SUCCESS -" alt="SUCCESS -" src="http://armageddonworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/AMAZING-TRANSFORMATIONS-THE-BEST-WEIGHT-LOSS-DVD-PROGRAM-FOR-WOMEN-BEST-FITNESS-DVD-BEST-EXERCISE-DVD-PROGRAM-BEST-FITNESS-DVD-PROGRAM.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Chris Powell (personal Trainer) - Personal Trainer For Weight Loss ..." alt="Chris Powell (personal Trainer) - Personal Trainer For Weight Loss ..." src="http://i2.wp.com/teamwarriorwithin.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Weight-Loss-After-pregnancy-Columbia-MD-Bishop-GreenTeam-Warrior-Within-Personal-Training-Columbia-MD.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>ChrisPowell.com - Official Site</li> <li>ReshapeTheNation.com</li> <li>Chris Powell at ABC</li> <li>Chris Powell at the Internet Movie Database</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1AvCbps">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Powell_(personal_trainer)">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4047171543404244426.post-37202292284267208622015-07-09T14:30:00.001-07:002015-07-09T14:30:10.767-07:00Nutrisystem - Best Meal Plans For Weight Loss<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEF03GyodsXq-3VhK5FmdqcsrGdzee_CJ3gg_jTpIg_R82qho5HJo-jOKV65oZszjN8vG7-wDrJwB2tROlNmnVHh2IeJ7hY8axl8W8c8S6mJ_uUOFSIQmMtUeqiP_Q1ihFaxQwcBdryTo/s1600/Nutrisystem%25C3%2582%25C2%25AE+Official+Site+%25C3%25A2%25C2%2580%25C2%2593+Weight+Loss+and+Diet+Programs-710767.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEF03GyodsXq-3VhK5FmdqcsrGdzee_CJ3gg_jTpIg_R82qho5HJo-jOKV65oZszjN8vG7-wDrJwB2tROlNmnVHh2IeJ7hY8axl8W8c8S6mJ_uUOFSIQmMtUeqiP_Q1ihFaxQwcBdryTo/s320/Nutrisystem%25C3%2582%25C2%25AE+Official+Site+%25C3%25A2%25C2%2580%25C2%2593+Weight+Loss+and+Diet+Programs-710767.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6169623506951681858" /></a></p><div class="jajalia_9977"><p><b>Nutrisystem</b>, headquartered in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, is a commercial provider of weight loss products and services. Initially, the company offered weight loss counseling and products in brick and mortar centers. In 1999, the company moved to a direct-to-consumer business model, selling its products and programs on the Internet and through a call center via 1-800 numbers. Nutrisystem's programs have been sold on the QVC television home shopping network since 2001 and in Costco stores since 2009. The company entered the retail arena in 2012 with the launch of its "Everyday" line of breakfast and snack items in Kroger grocery stores. In 2013, Nutrisystem began selling its five-day "Jumpstart" line in Walmart stores. In April 2015, the company's "NuMi" mobile app was launched amidst allegations that Nutrisystem had stolen the technology from WebDiet, Inc., a Silicon Valley startup.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Nutrisystem® Official Site â" Weight Loss and Diet Programs" alt="Nutrisystem® Official Site â" Weight Loss and Diet Programs" src="http://www.nutrisystem.com/images/diet_plans/weight_loss_programs/02-balanced.jpg" /></div><br /><div style="max-width: 350px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</span></h2> <p>Nutrisystem as of 2014 is lacking long term evidence. At three months it resulted in 3.8% more weight loss than a control group.</p> <h3><span id="Research_on_program_components">Research on program components</span></h3> <p>Increasing the structure of a low-calorie diet has been found to improve weight loss when compared to a low-calorie diet of self-selected foods. Use of portion-controlled foods and structured meal plans are two means to that end, both of which are incorporated into Nutrisystem's weight control programs. The primary concern related to this approach is long-term sustainability. No studies have compared long-term adherence to structured, versus unstructured, low-calorie diet plans.</p> <p>Nutrisystem's low-calorie diet is also low in glycemic index. Whether reducing the glycemic index of a low-calorie diet improves weight loss has been the subject of considerable debate. The empirical evidence is mixed. Whereas a meta-analysis showed a small but significant weight loss advantage of approximately 2 lb, several larger studies that were subsequently published found no additional weight loss benefit. For persons with diabetes, however, the evidence suggests a greater reduction in HbA1c with a low-glycemic index diet, compared with a higher-glycemic index diet that produces the same weight loss.</p> <h3><span id="Maintenance_of_weight_loss">Maintenance of weight loss</span></h3> <p>Reviews of the Nutrisystem program criticize the company's approach as not conducive to long-term weight control. For example, the review on webmd.com states, "Dieters may only experience success while they are ordering the prepackaged foods because once they are on their own, they are faced with the real world of cooking, meal preparation, and issues they are not prepared to handle because they were not addressed on the plan." In response to concerns such as these, Nutrisystem began offering "transition" plans in 2011. The idea behind these plans is to help customers continue following the principles of the Nutrisystem program (portion-controlled, low-GI eating) after they no longer purchase pre-packaged foods from the company. This is achieved by allowing customers to select partial programs (e.g., exclude pre-packaged dinners from their orders) and offering portion-control tools and recipes that are consistent with the nutrition profile of the main weight loss program. Weight loss maintenance results from customers who use these programs have not yet been published.</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Products">Products</span></h2> <p>The company states that its mission is to provide a weight loss program based on quality foods and a nutritionally balanced meal plan. The foundation of all Nutrisystem programs is the home delivery of portion-controlled entrees and snacks. Customers supplement these packaged foods with grocery foods, including vegetables, fruits, and dairy items. When followed, the diet is low in glycemic index and provides nutrition consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans - 2010. Resources are also available for increasing physical activity and obtaining behavioral support.</p> <h3><span id="Meal_plans">Meal plans</span></h3> <p>Separate plans are offered for women and men, at calorie levels that support a weight loss of 1-2 lb/week (approximately 1200 calories per day for women and 1500 per day for men). Approximately 52%, 26%, and 22% of calories come from carbohydrate, protein, and fat, respectively. All plans contain at least 28 g of fiber per day, and have no more than 85 g of sugar, 170 mg of cholesterol, and 2300 mg of sodium per day.</p> <p>Under its current program, Nutrisystem Success, the company offers four categories of weight loss plans: standard plans for women and men, Nutrisystem D (a plan designed for people with diabetes or prediabetes that meets the nutrition guidelines of the American Diabetes Association ); Nutrisystem Silver (a plan targeting heart health); and Nutrisystem for Teens (a plan for adolescents age 14-17 years old who are above the 85th percentile for body mass index). Many special dietary needs can be accommodated (e.g., low-sodium, vegetarian), whereas others cannot (e.g., allergies to peanuts or soy, celiac disease).</p> <h4><span id="Food">Food</span></h4> <p>The Nutrisystem program provides over 150 menu choices in four categories: breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks/desserts. Most options are shelf-stable products which include bars, muffins, pretzel snacks and pancake mix, as well as microwavable soups and dinner entrees. All shelf-stable microwaveable entrees are developed through retort preparation, which uses heat and pressure to cook food in a strong, sealed package (like a can or pouch). This preparation method allows for safe holding at room temperature and minimizes the need for added preservatives or sodium. Nutrisystem also has a line of frozen food choices available called "Nutrisystem Select."</p> <p>The Nutrisystem products provide approximately 60% of daily calorie needs. The remaining 40% of daily calorie intake comes from grocery foods, which the customer purchases separately. These grocery food additions include fresh fruits and vegetables and low-fat dairy and protein sources. The program provides specific guidance on how to choose and when to use these grocery additions.</p> <h3><span id="Physical_activity">Physical activity</span></h3> <p>Although dietary intervention is the primary focus of the program, Nutrisystem encourages customers to increase their physical activity. "My Daily 3," Nutrisystem's exercise guidelines, encourages customers to complete at least the equivalent of three 10-minute bouts of moderate-intensity activity per day. Customers who choose to set exercise goals are given targets for aerobic and strength training activities at the beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels. Online resources in support of customers' activity goals include sample workouts, articles, discussion boards, tips, and exercise trackers.</p> <h3><span id="Behavioral_support_and_additional_resources">Behavioral support and additional resources</span></h3> <p>Because Nutrisystem is not offered in brick-and-mortar centers or clinics, behavioral support is not available in face-to-face interactions. The program, however, includes several resources intended to promote motivation and behavior change.</p> <h4><span id="Counseling">Counseling</span></h4> <p>Customers have free access to trained counselors via telephone, online chat, and email. Nutrisystem D customers, additionally, are given access to certified diabetes educators, who are registered nurses or registered dietitians. Contact with counselors is initiated by the customer and is not regularly scheduled as a required part of the program.</p> <h4><span id="Self-monitoring_tools">Self-monitoring tools</span></h4> <p>Research on weight loss programs has consistently found that self-monitoring (i.e., keeping track of weight-related behaviors) is related to losing more weight. Nutrisystem provides paper, online, and mobile device applications to encourage customers to record their food intake and physical activity. Customers can also keep track of their progress (weight loss and changes in measurements) on the company's website. In 2014, Nutrisystem was accused of stealing mobile application and online technology from WebDiet, a Silicon Valley startup.</p> <h4><span id="Behavior_modification_guide">Behavior modification guide</span></h4> <p>"Mindset Makeover," Nutrisystem's behavior modification guide, is used in all programs except Nutrisystem for Teens. This guide covers 13 topics - related to making mental and behavioral changes in support of weight control - that are intended to be completed over 13 weeks. Customers can access the guide in its interactive form online or download a copy of the guide in .pdf format. Alternative behavioral materials were developed for the Nutrisystem for Teens program. Separate guides are available for the teen participant and the responsible parent or guardian.</p> <h4><span id="Peer_support">Peer support</span></h4> <p>The Nutrisystem website supports an online community, which allows members to participate in discussion boards and chats with their peers or to keep a blog if they wish to do so. Participation in the online community is not a required aspect of the program.</p> <h4><span id="Additional_resources">Additional resources</span></h4> <p>Other resources available on the member website are largely educational or intended to help customers adhere to program recommendations. They include: nutrition, health and wellness articles; daily tips; online recipe center; printable list of recommended grocery foods; comprehensive dining out guides</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Diet Plan For Weight Loss And Energy | Diet Plan" alt="Diet Plan For Weight Loss And Energy | Diet Plan" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOQ9dZSVIWKYypi9g6KgPN7SAkI799yCAbOCXAgDo_L43-7vrqS_11U-NrS9FA9Cpvw3O5Rq4uqL9rsss8ThZ8sNTnvpp_R95kHe6a_oGcnQjYcPa-gSAmjVnCPM9S03VqET8EW7leoqw/s1600/extreme+weight+loss+methods+which+are+really+helpful+for+women.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="Cost">Cost</span></h2> <p>The company's weight loss plans include 28 days' worth of breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack entrees, and are sold on three tiers, which Nutrisystem calls Basic, Core, and Select. The Basic-level plans include a pre-configured menu of shelf-stable Nutrisystem foods, which is not customizable. The Core-level plans allow customization of shelf-stable foods and include free access to counselors. The Select-level plans additionally include frozen foods. At the time of writing (January 11, 2013), 28-day packages ranged in price from $230 for the Basic version of the Nutrisystem Success plan for women to $290 for the Select version of the Nutrisystem D plan for men. Note that Nutrisystem customers must purchase additional grocery foods (e.g., fruit, vegetables, dairy) to complete the meal plans.</p> <p>Discounts and promotions are frequently offered as an incentive to join the program. A common promotion is the inclusion of multiple weeks of "free" food typically divided among a corresponding number of months. Customers who enroll in the "auto delivery" option (i.e., subsequent shipments of food are delivered without further action by the customer) receive free shipping and a discount of approximately 10% off the month-to-month price. A long-term contract is not required, but purchasing fewer than two orders on "auto delivery" will result in a retroactive charge for any auto-delivery discount plus the cost of shipping on the first order.</p> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Nutrisystem® Official Site â" Weight Loss and Diet Programs" alt="Nutrisystem® Official Site â" Weight Loss and Diet Programs" src="http://www.nutrisystem.com/images/diet_plans/weight_loss_programs/01-40years.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="References">References</span></h2> <center><div style="max-width: 550px;" ><img style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Nutrisystem-Jumpstart-Your- ..." alt="Nutrisystem-Jumpstart-Your- ..." src="http://toppersworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Nutrisystem-Jumpstart-Your-Weight-Loss-5-Day-Weight-Loss-Kit-1024x765.jpg" /></div></center> <br /><br /> <h2><span id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li>Nutrisystem USA - Official Site</li> <li>Nutrisystem - Information for Healthcare Professionals</li> <li>Nutrisystem Canada - Official Site</li> </ul><blockquote class="templatequote"><center><div style="max-width: 550px;"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- responsive1 --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365113107636770" data-ad-slot="6041001167" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div></center></blockquote><br /><br /><div><h2>Interesting Informations</h2><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Looking products related to this topic, find out at <a target="_blank" href="http://amzn.to/1Kuok5W">Amazon.com</a></p><p>Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisystem">here</a></p><div></div></blockquote></div><br /><br /></div>OpiWeighttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02288227469018676673noreply@blogger.com0